MicroPara

• Hospital Acquired Infections - infections got from the hospital but appeared after the discharge
• Common forms of HAI to invasive procedures carried out on patients

  • Surgical operation
  • Intravenous therapy
  • Intubation
  • Catheterization
• Why patients in hospital acquire infection

  • patients at the extremes of age
  • patients with diabetes
  • receiving immunosuppressive drugs
  • patients with cancer and undergoes chemotherapy
• Six elements of Cycle of Infection

  • Susceptible Host
  • Germs
  • Reservoir (where germs live)
  • Portal of exit (how germs get in)
  • Mode of Transmission
  • Portal of Entry
• Sources of Infection in Hospitals

  • Other patients
  • Visitors
  • Hospital persons
  • Surgical procedures
  • Air
  • Water/Food
  • Pt's normal flora
  • Fomite contamination
  • Devices, drains, and catheter
• IV line

  A) during manufacture

  B) Additives

  C) Hairline

  D) bottle tubing junction

  E) medication port

  F) stropcock

  G) insertion site

  
• Catheter

  A) outlet

  B) drainage tubing bag junction

  C) catheter drainage tubing junction

  D) urethral meatus catheter junction

  
• Antimicrobial resistance - the ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antimicrobial agents
• Universal Precautions for Infection Control

  • Hand hygiene
  • personnel protective equipment
  • safe handling and disposal of sharps
  • follow needle stick injury protocol
  • safe handling and disposal of wastes
  • managing blood and bodily fluids
  • disinfection of equipment
  • environmental disinfection
  • immunization
  • isolation
• must be used when patient is high risk one

  • gloves
  • disposable plastic apron
  • masks
  • eye protection
• main hazards of sharps

  • hepatitis b
  • hepatitis c
  • HIV
• handle specimens safely

  • collection
  • labeling
  • transfer
• immune system - biological structures within organism that protects against diseases
• role of immune system

  • defense against infections
  • defense against tumors
  • can injure cells and induce pathologic inflammation
  • recognizes and responds to tissue grafts and newly introduced proteins
• basic classification of immunity

  A) immunity

  B) adaptive immunity

  C) innate immunity

  D) natural

  E) artificial

  F) passive

  G) active

  H) passive (antibodies transfer)

  I) active (immunization)

  
• immune system is distributed throughout the body

  • blood
  • lymph
  • epithelial
  • CT
• parts of immune system

  • white blood cells
  • phagocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • bone marrow
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • thymus
  • spleen
• Evolution of immunity

  A) innate immunity

  B) acquired immunity

  C) humoral immune response

  D) cellular immune response

  
• primary lymphoid organs

  • bone marrow and thymus
  • maturation site
• secondary lymphoid organs

  • spleen, lymph nodes
  • mucosal associated lymph tissue
  • gut associated lymph tissue
  • trap antigen, APC, lymphocyte proliferation
• functions of immune system

  • protect from pathogens
  • eliminate modified or altered self
• innate immune system - primary defense mechanism against invading organism
• adaptive immune system - second line of defense
• anatomical barriers

  • mechanical factors
  • chemical factors
  • biological factors
• humoral components

  • complement
  • coagulation system
  • cytokines
• 1st line of defenses - structure of skin/other epithelia, mechanism cells
• skin - acts as a barrier to invasion
• sweat - has chemicals which can kill pathogens
• tears - has lysosome which has powerful digestive abilities that render antigens harmless
• mucus - can trap pathogens
• stomach acid - destroys pathogens
• first line of defense (innate immunity)

  • skin
  • ciliated cells
  • lysozome
  • coughing
  • vomiting
• second line of defense (adaptive immunity)

  • blood clot
  • mast cell
  • cytokines
  • leukocytes
• four barriers to infection

  • anatomic
  • physiologic
  • phagocytic
  • inflammatory
• inflammation - nonspecific response to any trauma occurring tissue
• fever - considered a nonspecific defense mechanism because it develops in response to numerous traumas
• inteferon - group of antiviral substance produced by body cells in response to the presence of virus
• adaptive immunity four attributes

  • antibody specificity
  • diversity
  • memory
  • self non self recognition
• antibody specificity - distinguishes minute differences in molecular structure to determine non self antigens
• diversity - immune system can produce hugely diverse set of recognition molecules which allows us to recognize literally billions of molecular shapes