Reproduction in Animals only

• Reproduction


  The process of producing offspring that are biologically or genetically similar to the parent organism
• Types of Reproduction


  • Asexual Reproduction
  • Sexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction


  The type of reproduction in which only a single organism gives rise to a new individual, without the fusion of gametes, resulting in genetically identical offspring
• Forms of Asexual Reproduction

  • Binary Fission
  • Budding
  • Fragmentation
  • Parthenogenesis

  
• Binary Fission


  An organism divides into two, each part carrying one copy of genetic material

  
• Binary Fission

  • Paramecium
  • Bacteria

  
• Budding


  A new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site, remaining attached as it grows and separating from the parent organism only when mature

  
• Fragmentation


  A form of asexual reproduction where a parent organism breaks into fragments, each capable of growing independently into a new organism
• Fragmentation

  • Starfish
  • Planarian

  
• Regeneration


  The growth and development of embryos without fertilization
• Parthenogenesis


  Growth and development of embryos without fertilization
• Sexual Reproduction


  The fusion of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell to form a diploid zygote
• Gametes

  • 23 chromosomes
  • 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs
• Hermaphrodite


  An individual having both ovaries and testes, common in parasitic worms like tapeworms and liver flukes
• Protogyny


  A change from female to male
• Protandry


  A change from male to female
• Male Reproductive System


  • Sperm consists of a head, midpiece and tail
• Female Reproductive System


  • Gametes
• Internal Fertilization


  Fusion of gametes inside the female body
• External Fertilization


  Fusion of gametes outside the female body
• Mechanisms of Fertilization

  • Internal Fertilization
  • External Fertilization
• Oviparous


  Animals that lay eggs that later hatch to produce the young
• Viviparous


  Animals that carry their young inside their body until they are mature to be born and live independently
• Ovoviviparous


  Animals that lay eggs and keep them inside the mother's body until they hatch
• Stages of Mammalian Animal Development

  1. Fertilization

  2. Cleavage

  3. Gastrulation

  4. Neurulation

  5. Organogenesis
• Modes of Nutrition


  • Autotrophic
  • Heterotrophic
  • Holozoic
• Photoautotrophic


  Organisms that directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic substances to form organic food
• Chemoautotrophic


  Organisms that use chemicals to create simpler organic substances important for their survival
• Saprophytic/Saprotrophic


  Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matter, secreting digestive juices that are later absorbed
• Parasitic


  An organism that takes food from another organism (the host)
• Ectoparasitism


  Parasites that live outside the body of the host
• Endoparasitism


  Parasites that live inside the body of the host
• Holozoic


  Organisms that ingest solid or liquid food, digest and absorb it
• Herbivorous


  Organisms that feed on plants
• Carnivorous


  Organisms that feed on animals
• Omnivorous


  Organisms that feed on both plants and animals