FTC 1 (Child and Adolescence)

• Human Development


  the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span
• Development


  includes growth and decline. This means development can be positive or negative
• proximodistal pattern


  The muscular control of the trunk and the arms comes earlier as compared to the hands and fingers
• cephalocaudal pattern


  the greatest growth always occurs at the top – the head with physical growth in size, weight and future differentiation gradually working its way down from top to bottom (for example, neck, shoulders, middle trunk and so on.
• Traditional approach


  shows extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change and decline in late old age
• Lifespan


  believes that even in adulthood developmental change takes place as it does during childhood
• Development is lifelong


  It does not end in adulthood. No developmental stage dominates development
• Development is multidimensional


  Development consists of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional dimensions
• Development is plastic 


  Development is possible throughout the lifespan
• Development is contextual


  Individuals are changing beings in a changing world
• Pre-natal


  It involves tremendous growth from a single cell to an organism complete with brain and behavioral capabilities
• Infancy


  A time of extreme dependence on adults. Many psychological activities are just beginning- language, symbolic thought, sensorimotor coordination and social learning
• Early Childhood


  These are the preschool years. young children learn to become more self- sufficient and to care for themselves, develop school reading skills, spend many hours in play with peers
• Middle and Late Childhood


  The fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic are mastered. The child is formally exposed to the larger world and its culture.
• Adolescence


  Begins with rapid physical changes- dramatic gains in height and weight, changes in body contour, and the development of sexual characteristics such as enlargement of the breast, development of pubic hair and facial hair, and deepening of the voice. Pursuit of independence and identity are prominent
• Case Study


  This is an in- depth look at an individual
• Correlational Study


  A design that determines associations
• Experimental


  A design that determines cause- effect relationships. This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment and the manipulation of variables to test hypothesis
• Naturalistic Observation 


  It focus on children’s experiences in natural settings
• Longitudinal


  this research design studies and follows through a single group over a period of time. The same individual were studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
• Cross- sectional


  A research study in which individual of different ages are compared at one time
• Sequential


  This is a combined cross- sectional and longitudinal approaches to learn about life- span development
• Action Research


  It is a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals working with others as teams to improve the way they addressed issues and solve problems
• Observation


  This can be made in either laboratories or materialistic settings.
• Physiological Measures 


  This involves heart rate, hormonal levels, bone growth, body weight, and brain activity
• Standardized Test


  These are prepared tests that assess individuals’ performance in different domains. These tests are administered in a consistent manner
• Interviews and Questionnaires


  These involve asking the participants to provide information about themselves based on interview or questionnaire given by the researcher
• Life- History Records


  These are records of information about a lifetime chronology of events and activities. It involves combination of data records on educations, work, family and residence