Life during SCW

• Why did experiences vary in different Republican zones?

  Different left wing groups had different ideas for Spain but had to unite in one in order to go against Nationalism- they had different ideas so areas controlled by different Republicans had different standards e.g.

  
  

  Catalonia- Anarchists

  Madrid- Communism
• Catalonia - Republican Zone

  -Catalonia experienced an Anarchist Revolution in early 1936 so life there and in Barcelona and Aragon different

  -CNT emphasises for ordinary people to take control instead of the state or church

  -Barcelona- 70% industry collectivised= workers elected a committee to set hours and wages

  -Business owners executed and Anarchists re-produced factories to produce ammunition now instead for the war effort

  -Private transport collectivised and created new transport system

  -Food distribution with lorries transporting food to Aragon in exchange for manufactured goods

  -Churches destroyed

  -People encouraged to dress in blue overalls that were associated with the previous regime and to show equality

  -Encouraged to refer to each other as 'comrade
• Aragon - Republican Zone


  -Agriculture collectivised - peasants seized land they worked on and defence organized by democratic committee

  -D/C also organized food distribution to ensure people are getting fair share of production ( 100g sugar, meat and rice and free coffee plus cigarettes)
• Barcelona - Republican Zone


  Faction fighting between CNT and PCE = PCE won and anarchist society in Catalonia bought to an end

  - 1937 = troops from Pop Army sent to Aragon and Anarchist control there was bought to an end - fighting further polarised Republic and weakened them
• Madrid - Republican Zone


  Government in Madrid remained less radical- 30% industries collectivised and no radical economic changes implemented

  -Nationalists bombed more frequently led to food shortages and inflation as well as LOSS OF MORALE
• Nationalist Zones


  JULY 1936- Army declared martial law in nationalist zones that reversed previous reforms and gave power back to landowners

  -banning of political parties and had full control over civilians in nat zones
• Nationalists and the Church in Life

  -Restored position of the church in their areas

  -Later in the war the church openly criticised the republic and said communism was evil

  -Crucifixes restored in all schools

  -Gender segregation in school to also teach gender roles
• Raising Morale in Nationalist Zones

  -Authorities embraced religious festivals to rise morale

  -Francos forces controlled agricultural areas so were able to make these festivals
• Women in Nationalist Zones

  -Expected to follow a traditional image

  -Even in Nationalist zones its recognised that women had a political role - women's sections and recruited female members

  -separate syllabuses in education to prepare girls for future roles

  -Strong social pressure against 'sexually alluring' clothes - women needed to be modest

  -Sex outside of marriage was forbidden - but since many women lost their husbands in the civil war they had to turn to prostitution- although church against, Franco's forces paid for sex too

  -Women helped in the war through traditional roles such as running charities, kitchens and youth centres
• Women in Republican Zones

  -More liberating experience
• Women in Republican Zones - Social and Political Roles


  -Equal rights for men and women for divorce

  -Spain first European country where a woman took a cabinet position (Federica = anarchist who took position for public health)

  -Federica legalised abortion to make it safer

  -Dolores (COMMUNIST) speeches for war welfare for victims

  -Roles however still linked closely to traditionalism so didn't emphasise a massive shift in women's positions

  -Women wore trousers and could go out to bars without being accompanied by men
• Women in Republican Zones - Military

  -Woman chosen by male sqaudrons to be leader due to her heroism where she even survived being nearly burned alive

  -LINA = Became symbol of heroism and bravery

  -POUM took sexual equality seriously and shared tasks between genders

  -Only short lived as Caballero said to remove women from the front lines
• Women in Republican Zones - Workplace

  -Women more liberated as more workers needed in factories for arms production

  -Women filled positions of men who were absent fighting

  -Anarchist groups of prostitutes shot their male pimps who ran brothels and instead worked for themselves and shared money 5
• Republican Political Terror


  groups targeted and killed:

  -Falangists

  -Priests

  -Landlords

  -CEDA Supporters

  
  

  -Red terror targeted those closely associated with the elites and traditionalism, only 58 churches survived civil war, CNT Established courts to reduce the random violence and terror to control people

  -Terror against political opponents not as bad as nationalist side
• Nationalist Political Terror


  -Deliberate policy used to remove political opposition

  -Supported killings of trade unionists, communists and socialists

  -First it was open supporters of military coup them anyone who supported the Republic

  -Made Republicans joined the Flaganists to avoid execution

  -Used terror to remove imorality by killing or imprisoning gay men an electroshock therapy and isolation for lesbians

  -Didn't tolerate 'moral corruption' and persecuted those who were doing 'un-godly' things
• Republican Atrocities


  -6.000 priests, nuns and monks killed

  -Aragon landowners were murdered

  -Priests castrated and had genital forced into mouth

  -Red terror persuaded the church to support the nationalists

  -Nationalists exploited Red Terror as propaganda to gain more support
• Nationalist Atrocities


  -Victims left dead in streets and gathered in cemetries and burned without burial rights

  -Gay poets killed to show there was no space for immortality in Spain

  -Pamplona = Mass executions conducted on annual celebration of the Virgin Mary to show nationalist commitment to protect Catholicism

  -Used it as terror e.g. EXTREMADURA - 2000 peasants killed and their land given back to landowners but bodies left to rot in fields to send a message

  -TEUREL - 1000 KILLED FOR SPEAKING OUT ABOUT NATIONALISM