What's in a Medicine?

• Carboxylic acids have the functional group COOH and have a suffix of -anoic acid
• Esters have the functional group COO and are named the alcohol adding -thyl and acid adding -oate. e.g. methanol and butanoic acid forms methyl butanoate
• Aldehydes have the functional group CHO and are only on the end of a chain adding suffix -al at the end
• Ketones have the functional group C=O and can only be found inbetween two carbon atoms have suffix -one at the end
• Acid anhydride have functional group COOCO and have the suffic -oic anhydride
• An ether has the functional group R-O-R and has the suffix -yl ether
• Phenols are a benzene ring with an OH group attached and is a weak acid that can be neutralised by a strong base like NaOH and doesnt react with carbonates
• Test for phenol is adding iron (III) chloride and it turns purple
• Esters can be made from phenols and acid anhydrides and would occur faster with an acyl chloride
• Esterification is when carboxylic acids and alcohols react in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid and heated under reflux to produce an ester
• Acid anhydrides can be used instead of carboxylic acids to react with alcohols to form esters, it doesnt react as vigorously and doesn't produce toxic HCl as a side product
• Primary alcohols can be oxidised using acidified potassium dichromate to produce aldehydes where distillation is needed to separate product
• Primary alcohols can be oxidised into carboxylic acids if acidified potassium dichromate is used and heated under reflux
• Secondary alcohols can be oxidised using acidified potassium dichromate into a ketone
• Potassium dichromate is an oxidisng agent that is reduced itself, if reduced it has a colour change of orange to green
• Alkenes can be formed by the dehydration of alcohols where a molecule of water is removed by heating under reflux with conc. sulfuric acid
• A reaction mixture of conc. sulfuric acid, K-X (X = halogen) and alcohol can form haloalkane and water. H-X forms as acid and K-X react
• Infrared spectroscopy is the detection of infrared rays that aren't being absorbed by bonds and atoms causing them to vibrate and each bond absorbs a specific frequency of infrared radiation