Carboxylic acids have the functional group COOH and have a suffix of -anoic acid
Esters have the functional group COO and are named the alcohol adding -thyl and acid adding -oate. e.g. methanol and butanoic acid forms methyl butanoate
Aldehydes have the functional group CHO and are only on the end of a chain adding suffix -al at the end
Ketones have the functional group C=O and can only be found inbetween two carbon atoms have suffix -one at the end
Acid anhydride have functional group COOCO and have the suffic -oic anhydride
An ether has the functional group R-O-R and has the suffix -yl ether
Phenols are a benzene ring with an OH group attached and is a weak acid that can be neutralised by a strong base like NaOH and doesnt react with carbonates
Test for phenol is adding iron (III) chloride and it turns purple
Esters can be made from phenols and acid anhydrides and would occur faster with an acyl chloride
Esterification is when carboxylic acids and alcohols react in the presence of conc. sulfuric acid and heated under reflux to produce an ester
Acid anhydrides can be used instead of carboxylic acids to react with alcohols to form esters, it doesnt react as vigorously and doesn't produce toxic HCl as a side product
Primary alcohols can be oxidised using acidified potassium dichromate to produce aldehydes where distillation is needed to separate product
Primary alcohols can be oxidised into carboxylic acids if acidified potassium dichromate is used and heated under reflux
Secondary alcohols can be oxidised using acidified potassium dichromate into a ketone
Potassium dichromate is an oxidisng agent that is reduced itself, if reduced it has a colour change of orange to green
Alkenes can be formed by the dehydration of alcohols where a molecule of water is removed by heating under reflux with conc. sulfuricacid
A reaction mixture of conc. sulfuric acid, K-X (X = halogen) and alcohol can form haloalkane and water. H-X forms as acid and K-X react
Infrared spectroscopy is the detection of infrared rays that aren't being absorbed by bonds and atoms causing them to vibrate and each bond absorbs a specific frequency of infrared radiation