Contemp 2

• The 21st century is a hub for the closer relation of states and for a wider perspective in technological development
• Globalization made nations closer to each other
• Globalization 1.0

  Lasted from 1492 to 1800, shrank the world from a size large to a size medium, age of mercantilism and colonialism, driving forces were workforce, horsepower, wind power, and, later on, steam power
• Globalization 2.0

  Age of Pax Britannica when Great Britain was the hegemonic power in terms of trade and economy, driving force was new institutions, particularly the emergence of global markets and multinational corporations
• Globalization 3.0

  Age of Pax Americana when the United States of America was the hegemonic power in terms of security, trade, and economy, occurred during the second half of the 20th century
• After the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the United States of America became the sole superpower in the so-called Unipolar World</b>
• Soft power


  Uses a different method to establish cooperation attraction, arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies
• Soft power is more effective than force, shared values such as democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are highly persuasive
• The United States of America has been employing its soft power in various ways
• Multinational corporations (MNCs)


  • Play a substantial role in the global economy, enjoy a multitude of privileges such as unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth they draw from their income, theoretical immortality to a certain extent, and the ability to pit themselves against one another
  • More flexible and independent in comparison to nation-states which seem to lack the capacity to dictate how MNCs ought to behave
• MNCs play a pivotal role not only in the global economy but in the international political community as well, alongside nation-states in terms of their capacity to sustain themselves and considerably to influence the members of the international community
• Global city


  Serves as a hub for production, finance, and telecommunications
• Characteristics of a global city

  • Cultural diversity of the people
  • Existence of a center of economy
  • Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization
  • Global reach performance
• New York ranked the highest in terms of the general criteria i.e., business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement in the 2018 Global Cities Index
• Global cities represent cities around the world that exemplify the characteristics of a city better than other cities
• Global cities are also perceived as sources of economic growth and are also economic powerhouses themselves, coupled with being industry leaders and regional hubs
• The 21st century brought the countries together into global competition
• In the coming decades, the number of global cities will dramatically increase
• Demography is a field in statistics that is concerned with births deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which later illustrates the changing structure of human populations
• Demography is a statistical study to determine world population that can be used as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public administration, and others
• The formation of a global civil society is a result of a backlash against free-market capitalism
• The role of a global civil society in global demography is its salient influence on institutional decision-making, affecting the populations at large
• Global demography


  The study of the issues and developments of the global population, lays out the present condition of the world and its population
• Demographic transition


  Mortality rate declined followed by fertility, causing population growth rates to accelerate and then to slow down again, leads to low fertility, long life, and an old population

  
• The global demographic transition all began in the 19th century when Europeans were declining in mortality rate and there were some rising societies in Asian and Latin American regions
• The ongoing transition in global demography is caused by formal migration and some historic events, such as colonialism, inter-war reduction, and post-world migration
• The development from pre-industrial to industrialized economy also caused this transition from high to low mortality and fertility
• Most developed nations have completed this demographic transition and thus have low birth rates and high income; developing nations, however, are still in transition
• The factors that led to low fertility rate are the preference over child survival than number of child births and the assumption that raising children is more costly than the consumption of goods, as children render less economic contributions due to years spent on education
• Global demography is a series of events in population growth, fertility, mortality, and migration
• Demography


  The study of human populations, including their size, composition, and distribution
• Population


  The total number of people living in a given area
• Multipolar world


  A world order in which power is distributed among several major powers, rather than being dominated by a single superpower
• Different international issues and trends in global population

  • Economic bubble in some parts of the world
  • Wars in different states of every region
  • Existence of transnational crimes
  • Climate change
  • Migration
• Globalization


  Has something to do with the population demand of a state, its effect on demography in terms of overpopulation
• Overpopulation


  Can be caused by increasing birth rate and excessive movements of people from one place to another (international migration)
• Internal migration in the Philippines


  Caused by the promise of a good quality of living, leading to Filipinos from rural areas moving to cities and causing overpopulation in some areas
• First World


  States which have high-income and are capital-rich
• Second World


  Former communist-socialist, industrial states
• Third World


  Nations not aligned with either the First World or Second World, also called "developing" countries