Guest Lecture Mass Migration.ppt

• Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Cyprus joined the EU between 1985-2004.
• The EU was established on November 1, 1993, with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty by twelve countries.
• The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union consisting of 27 member states located primarily in Europe.
• Macro-Economic Explanation

  The macro-economic explanation of mass migration is based on the idea that people move from one region to another due to differences in economic opportunities. This is often referred to as the "push/pull" theory. According to this theory, people are pushed away from their home region by a lack of job opportunities and pulled towards a region with better economic prospects. However, this explanation is too simplistic and does not capture the complexity of migration patterns.
• The meso-level analysis takes into account the interactions between multiple factors that influence migration such as:

  • Social networks: People are more likely to migrate when they have friends or family members already living in the destination region.
  • Spatial interactions: The proximity of a destination region to the migrant's home region can influence their decision to migrate.
  • Cultural and linguistic factors: The cultural and linguistic similarities between the migrant's home region and the destination region can also influence their decision to migrate.
• Micro-Level Analysis: The micro-level analysis focuses on the individual migrants themselves, examining factors such as:

  • Age: Younger people are more likely to migrate than older people.
  • Gender: Women are more likely to migrate than men.
  • Skillset: People with higher levels of education and skills are more likely to migrate.

  The micro-level analysis recognizes that individual characteristics can influence a person's decision to migrate.
• The six forms of migration are emigration, immigration, colonization, migration to cities, seasonal migration, and migration of soldiers and sailors.
• The main push factors for migration in the 19th century were land fragmentation, landlessness, low wages, and persecutions such as the Eastern European pogroms.
• The main pull factors for migration in the 19th century were land abundance, high wages, and religious and political tolerance.
• Economic conditions played a significant role in mass migration. Push factors such as low wages and landlessness, as well as pull factors such as high wages and land abundance, influenced the decision to migrate.
• Political conditions also played a role in mass migration. Push factors such as persecutions, as seen in the Eastern European pogroms, and pull factors such as religious and political tolerance, influenced migration decisions
• Transport advances and chain migration were important factors in 19th-century migration. Chain migration, where pioneers would migrate first and later be followed by others, played a significant role. Additionally, prepaid tickets, shipping companies, and migration agents facilitated the migration process.
• The predominant migrants in the 19th century were predominantly single, unskilled men. However, there were also some households and families who migrated.
• According to Hatton and Williamson, macro-level factors, such as economic inequalities, wage gaps between old and new worlds, and population growth, had the most significant influence on migration in the 19th century.
• Important revisions to Zelinski's thesis include the recognition of early modern period mobility, the acknowledgement of non-unidirectional migration and return migration, the understanding that traditional societies were not completely broken down by migration, and the role of transportation improvements in accelerating migration
• The slowdown of migration by the end of the 19th century was influenced by wage convergence between the new and old worlds, rising xenophobia, policies restricting migration, the creation of nationality laws, and a shift towards positive selection mechanisms.