animal specialisation

• what does the cytoplasm do?

  holding the components of the cell and protects them from damage
• What does the nucleus do?

  The nucleus contains the cell's genetic material and controls the cell's activities.
• What does the cell membrane do?

  The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
• What does the mitochondria do?

  Mitochondria generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions
• What is the process of a cell becoming specialised called?

  Differentiation
• What are some examples of cell differentiation?

  nerve cells, sperm cells, red blood cells, egg cells, muscle cells, ciliated cells and villi cells
• How is a red blood cell adapted for its function?

  they contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen molecules,no nucleus which allows more space for oxygen and flat disk with dips on both sides (biconcave) for large surface area.
• How is a sperm cell adapted for its function?

  tail and streamlined to make it easier, many mitochondria for energy, the acrosome(tip) has enzymes that digest the egg, produced in large numbers and the haploid contains the genetic material.
• How is an egg cell adapted for its function?

  the cytoplasm contains nutrients for the embryo's growth, haploid contains genetic material and the cell membrane changes after fertilisation so no more sperm can enter.
• How is a nerve cell adapted for its function?

  long thing axon so that messages can travel quickly, branches at the end of one join to another to help spread messages around the body the myelin sheath surrounds the axon insulating it and speeding up the rate messages can travel
• How is a muscle cell adapted for its function?

  cardiac muscles contract and relax to pump blood around the body, skeletal muscles attach to bones so they can move, and smooth muscle cells make up thin sheets that can be used as stomach lining, bundles, or rings (e.g anus)
• what is a ciliated cell?

  they are cells found in the respiratory tract and also the oviducts and have tiny hairs on top called cilia, these hairs move mucus containing dust and other things up to the throat and out of the airways. In the oviducts, the hairs beat to move the egg from the ovaries to the uterus.
• How is Villi adapted for its function?

  they have a large surface area, thin wall that are only one cell thick and the cells of the lining have small hairs to absorb more food and water.
• What is villi?

  Small finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area to absorb nutrients.