CED101

• Behaviorism


  A branch of psychology that focuses on how people learn through their interactions with the environment
• Behavioral learning theory


  Humans learn through their experiences by associating a stimulus with either a reward or a punishment
• Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior
• Behaviorism


  • It impacts how students react and behave in the classroom and suggests that teachers can directly influence how their students behave
  • It helps teachers understand that a student's home environment and lifestyle can be impacting their behavior, helping them see it objectively and work to assist with improvement
• Positive reinforcement


  Key in the behavioral learning theory. Without it, students will quickly abandon their responses because they don't appear to be working
• Repetition and positive reinforcement go hand-in-hand with the behavioral learning theory
• Motivation


  Plays an important role in behavioral learning
• Social learning theory


  Agrees with the behavioral learning theory about outside influences on behavior, but goes a step further and suggests that internal psychological processes are also an influence on behavior
• Behaviorism doesn't study or feature internal thought processes as an element of actions
• Social learning argues that behavior is much more complicated than the simple stimulus and response of behaviorism. It suggests that students learn through observation, and then they consciously decide to imitate behavior. There are underlying emotions like peer pressure and a desire to fit in that impact behavior
• Behaviorist teaching strategies


  • Drills
  • Question and answer
  • Guided practice
  • Regular review
  • Positive reinforcement
• Behaviorism is best for certain learning outcomes, like foreign languages and math, but aren't as effective for analytical and comprehensive learning
• Other critics of behavioral learning say that the theory doesn't encompass enough of human learning and behavior, and that it's not fully developed
• Social cognitive theory


  Emphasizes the learning that occurs within a social context. People are active agents who can both influence and are influenced by their environment
• One assumption of social learning is that we learn new behaviors by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of their behavior
• Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory


  Proposes that human behavior is the product of the interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavioral patterns

  
• Social cognitive theory argues that people actively influence their learning by interpreting the outcomes of their actions, which, in turn, affects their environments and personal factors, informing and altering subsequent behavior
• Social cognitive theory is able to avoid the assumption made by radical behaviorism that all human behavior is learned through trial and error
• Central tenet of Bandura's social-cognitive theory

  People seek to develop a sense of agency and exert control over the important events in their lives. This sense of agency and control is affected by factors such as self-efficacy, outcome expectations, goals, and self-evaluation

  
• Observational learning


  We learn through observation and imitation of others' behavior
• Stages of the social learning theory

  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Motivation
• Attention


  The individual needs to pay attention to the behavior and its consequences and form a mental representation of the behavior
• Retention


  Storing the observed behavior in long-term memory where it can stay for a long period of time
• Motor reproduction


  The individual must be able (have the ability and skills) to physically reproduce the observed behavior
• Motivation


  The observer must be motivated to perform the behavior. This motivation can come from a variety of sources, such as a desire to achieve a goal or avoid punishment
• Components of motivation


  • Expectancy
  • Value
  • Affective reaction
• Reciprocal determinism


  The central concept of social cognitive theory. It refers to the dynamic and reciprocal interaction of people with their environment and behavior to achieve goals
• Behavioral capability


  A person's ability to perform a behavior by means of using their own knowledge and skills
• Reinforcements


  Internal or external responses to a person's behavior that affect the likelihood of continuing or discontinuing the behavior
• Types of reinforcements


  • Positive reinforcements
  • Negative reinforcements
• Types of reinforcements


  • Direct reinforcements
  • Indirect reinforcements
• Expectations

  The anticipated consequences that a person has of their behavior
• Self-efficacy


  The level of a person's confidence in their ability to successfully perform a behavior
• Outcome expectations


  The consequences that someone foresees an action having on their health
• As people anticipate the consequences of their actions before engaging in a behavior


  These expectations can influence whether or not someone completes the behavior successfully
• Expectations largely come from someone's previous experience
• Expectancies


  The value that is placed on the outcome, something that is subjective from individual to individual
• Self-efficacy


  • It is influenced by a person's own capabilities as well as other individual and environmental factors
  • It is often said to be task-specific, meaning that people can feel confident in their ability to perform one task but not another
• Modeling media


  Any type of mass communication (television, movies, magazines, music, etc.) that serves as a model for observing and imitating behavior
• Modeling media is often used in the fashion and taste industries to influence the behavior of consumers