bio p2

• fossils


  the remains of organisms from millions of years ago which are found in rocks
• fossils are used as evidence for evolution as they show that organisms have changed over time
• the fossil record is incomplete because

  • some fossils formed long ago may have been destroyed since
  • some organisms are soft bodied so do not fossilise well
• 1. Hard body parts, such as bones and shells, which decay very slowly, are gradually replaced by minerals, forming rock-like substances.
• 1. Animals can leave impressions or casts, such as footprints or burrows. These become covered by layers of sediment, which eventually become rock.
• Some parts of organisms may not decay at all. For example, dead animals and plants can be preserved in amber, peat bogs, tar pits, or in ice.
• a dead animal may be preserved in tar pit, as theres not enough oxygen for it to decay
• When bacteria evolve to become able to survive exposure to antibiotics, they have developed antibiotic resistance
• antibiotics only kill bacteria, not viruses
• What is the advantage of using a binomial system to name species

  • each species has a unique name
  • it lets scientists discuss individual species
• Which 18th Century scientist developed the traditional classification system for classifying living things


  carl linneaus
• Which international system is commonly used to classify organisms

  The Linnaean classification system
• What is the correct order of groups in the Linnaean classification system

  kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
• Which two groups in the classification system are used in the binomial naming system

  genus, species
• How do we write the binomial name of a species

  all lower case, except the first letter

  all in itallics
• Which 20th century scientist used microscopes and modern technology to develop the three domain system to classify organisms

  carl woese
• what 3 domain systems did carl woese develop to classify organisms

  eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea
• What do evolutionary trees show


  The evolutionary relationship between the organisms being studied
• A population refers to all of the organisms of a particular species that live in the same habitat. 
• a community is a group of organisms that live in the same area and interact with each other
• An ecosystem is the interaction of a community of living organisms (biotic) with the non-living (abiotic) parts of their environment.
• Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which they both try to use the same limited resources.
• interdependance is the concept of All organisms in an ecosystem depend upon one another, with countless complex relationships between them all. 
• structural adaptations is the physical features of an organism that help it survive in its environment
• behavioural adaptations is the way an organism acts to survive in its environment
• functional adaptations are the processes that take plave within an organism
• Extremophiles are microorganisms that live in extreme environments, such as those with high temperatures, pressures, or salt concentrations. 
• bacteria and archaea are extremophiles
• Organisms at the very start of a food chain that can create glucose using photosynthesis are known as producers.
• as energy passes along a food chain most of it is lost
• abundance refers to how many individuals there are
• distribution refers to where the individuals are
• Sampling means only counting a subset of the organisms in a habitat
• sampling is done because it would be impossible, or very time consuming, to count all the organism
• quadrats are often used for sampling
• recycling nutrients for organisms is important as it provides the nutrients that living organisms use to grow and reproduce
• evaporation requires energy
• biodiversity is The variety of living things on earth, or within a particular ecosystem
• An alternative to breeding programs could be to make the habitat a protected area. This would make the habitat safe so that the species could recover naturally. 
• field margins and hedgerows provide extra habitats and food sources so that a wider range of species can survive