physical science

• Types of terrestrial motion

  • Terrestrial motion
  • Celestial motion
• Classification of terrestrial motion

  • Voluntary and involuntary motion
  • Natural motion
  • Violent motion
• Voluntary motion


  Made by humans and animals
• Involuntary motion


  Made by plants and animals
• Natural motion


  Arising from the nature of an object
• Violent motion


  When the object is in the state of non-equilibrium
• Three motions of the earth

  • Diurnal motion
  • Annual motion
  • Precession of the equinoxes
• Diurnal motion


  Motion of stars and celestial bodies across the sky due to earth rotation
• Annual motion


  Apparent shift in location of the stars in the sky
• Precession of the equinoxes


  Gradual change in the orientation of earth axis
• Solstice and equinox - sun travel
• Greek philosophers


  • Pythagoras
  • Anaxagoras
  • Aristotle
  • Eratosthenes
  • Euxodus
  • Aristarchus
  • Hipparchus
  • Cladius Ptolemy
  • Tychobrahe
• Pythagoras


  The earth was round and not flat; first to proposed a spherical earth
• Anaxagoras


  Supported Pythagoras; he observed the shadow of moon (studied phases of moon)
• Aristotle


  Listed several arguments (position of north star; disappearance of ship)
• North star


  Fixed position; closer to horizon
• Eratosthenes


  Measured earth circumference
• Euxodus


  Proposed system of fixed sphere
• Aristarchus


  Very first Greek philosopher proposed heliocentric
• Hipparchus


  Greatest of the early Greek astronomers; brightness of the star
• Cladius Ptolemy


  Believed earth was the center of the universe
• Epicycles


  Small circles
• Deferents


  Large circles
• Tychobrahe


  The one who wrote the data of observation of philosophers
• Kepler's laws of planetary motion

  • Law of ellipses
  • Law of equal areas
  • Law of period
• Law of ellipses


  The orbit of the planet is an eclipse with the sun at one focus
• Aphelion


  When the planet is farthest away from the sun
• Perihelion


  When the planet is nearest from the sun
• Law of equal areas

  The line segment joining a planet to the sun sweep out equal areas in equal time intervals
• Law of period


  The square of the period of the revolution of a planet about the sun is proportional to the curve of the semi-minor axis of the planets elliptical orbit
• Types of forces


  • Contact force
  • Non-contact force
• Common forces


  • Applied force
  • Tensional force
  • Normal force
  • Frictional force
  • Air resistance
  • Gravitational force
• Contact force


  The interacting object are physically in contact with each other
• Non-contact force


  Two interacting objects are not in physical contact with each other, but are able to exert
• Applied force


  Force applied to an object
• Tensional force


  Force transmitted through a string, rope or wire
• Normal force


  Supported force exerted upon an object
• Frictional force


  Force exerted by a surface as an object moves across
• Air resistance


  Force experienced when travel through air
• Gravitational force


  Force which the earth massive body attracts an object towards itself