Globalisation

• Giddens - Postmodernists

  Digital technology advanced rapidly (machines, communications) faster pace of change which increases globalization as society rapidly changes due to digital revolution
• Ritzer - cultural homogenisation - Americanisation leads to an increase in global culture as western ideas become more dominant - more contact with others globally + quick and easy access
• Boyle - media convergence = big data = large amounts of data stored online

  Can access communication quickly and easily to keep in contact with those in their global village
• Giddens - digital communication allowed us to keep in contact with friends and family - access quickly and easily
• Carter - Cyber city

  digital communications enable us to create and maintain relationships and continue friendships offline
• Locke and pascoe - adopt or choose an identity free from the physical body which is an advantage to those who feel discriminated e.g women feel more comfortable therefore they use social media more than men
• Haraway - Cyborgs

  Technology embedded into daily lives so the way people interact with tech defines their identity as they can present themselves as whoever - frees women from gender expectation
• Globalisation refers to the world becoming more interconnected through travel, trade, and communication which has been accelerated by the advancement in new technologies
• • The global trade of goods is now much larger, quicker, and less restrictive  
  • Digital communications have enhanced the speed of communication
• Robertson

  • ‘Glocalization’ is the mixture of localisation and globalization  
  • Local or global companies tailor products and services to fit local conditions (McDonald's don't serve any beef in India) 
  • Glocalization is a way to maintain cultural diversity whilst welcoming global ideas.
• McLuhan

  • Global Village means the world is more interconnected and therefore seems to have ‘shrunk'  
  • more likely to know people from across the world thanks to digital communication – geographical distance is no longer a barrier.
• Castells

  • Networked global society - web of connections online  
  • W/C can use this to gain social capital and improve their life chances e.g. LinkedIn helps people make professional contacts. 
  • This challenges the old boy's network and suggests society has moved away from an industrial age, power is now in networks. 
• • Laura Bates
  • Started The Everyday Sexism Project that allowed women online to share their experiences of sexual harassment
  • Aims to prove that sexism and inequality still exists
• Walter - exploitation of women

  • Sexualised representation
  • porn leads to men having an unrealistic expectation of women which leads to lower self-esteem in young women
  • e.g video games
• Turkle - Alone together

  • Face to face communication has been lost, attention spans reduced, and people skills are being lost
  • Society is vulnerable as we expect more from technology and less of each other 
  • Gives us the feeling of interconnectedness and control but in reality, we are lonely and isolated 
• Sinner and Prochazka - Digital Divide (Marxist)

  Increase inequalities within education as many children are expected to use digital communications as part of homework or learning - some have limited access
• Mertens and D'Haenens - Digital Divide (Marxist)

  Lower class focus their technology use on entertainment rather than knowledge
• Marxists -

  Digital media is a form of surveillance and a subtle way of controlling people to benefit the bourgeoisie

  e.g websites collect info such as cookies which then gathers data and uses targeted ads
• Cornford and Robbins - Marxist

  Digital communication is a way for capitalism to control people through their use of social media under the guise of protecting from terrorism
• Boyle - Digital Divide

  Elderly are less likely to use digital communication and the young are reliant on it

  Young - able to learn new skills with new forms of technology and communication
• Berry - Digital Divide

  Those who dont have access to internet are due to a lack of skills and interest

  There is psychological barriers preventing older people from accessing the web

  However, content has been designed to encourage older people to use the internet e.g Finerday is a social network designed for older people similar to Facebook but with larger fonts and simplified formats
• Damant - Age

  Elderly use digital communications less which excludes them from routine activities e.g shopping, banking - increases feelings of loneliness
• Postman - disappearance of childhood due to exposure of adult content through media
• Clayton - Twitter effect

  Feeling frustrated at the time partners spent on Twitter or conflict on whats been said online - negative affects on peoples relationships e.g infidelity and divorce
• Shaw and Grant - Positive effects

  Improved users psychological health - decrease loneliness and depression e.g during covid
• Putnam (Marxist) - Bowling Alone

  Decline in social capital

  Civic disengagement - disengaging from the real world e.g voting

  -no human connections
• Arab Spring

  • Took place in the Middle East + North Africa, 2010 - 2011
  • Protests took place due to political corruption and economic decline
  • Protests on Facebook/ Twitter - online events to increase participation
  • Positive - President stepped down due to pressure and Libyan leader assassinated
  • Negative - Lasting violence
• Christ Church -

  • Mass shootings on two mosques in New Zealand
  • Live streamed on Facebook
  • White nationalism/ religious extremism
  • negative - organise and execute terror activity
• Blue for Sudan -

  • Political violence
  • Changed insta / facebook profiles to blue to show support and raise awareness - create government pressure for change - mass media
  • negative - armchair activism