Earth Science

• Arno Penzias & Robert Wilson


  Discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1965
• The Four Fundamental Forces

  • Gravity - attraction between bodies
  • Electromagnetic forces - binds atoms into molecules
  • Strong nuclear force - binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus
• After 3 minutes from exploding

  1. It began to cool down

  2. Allowing the protons and neutrons to fuse and form the nucleus of hydrogen & helium atoms
• Temperatures become cool for hydrogen & helium atoms to completely form


  300,000 years later
• Photons escaped & light existed for the very first time
• Stars & galaxies began to form as hydrogen and helium coalesce with the aid of gravity


  300 million years after
• From light elements to heavier elements

  From the supernova as the temperature cooled down this made solid particles form of nebula to exist
• Oscillating Universe


  Cycle of big bang and big crunch
• Alberts Einstein has favored model


  After rejecting his own, this followed the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature
• Expansion of the universe for a time

  Then to its contraction due to the pull of the gravity
• Steady State Theory


  • Proposed by astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi
  • Predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its density –matter was inserted into the universe
• Inflationary Universe


  • Alan Guth- a American physicist
  • He incorporated a short earlų period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard Big bang model
• Monsignor Geores Lemaitre


  • Roman catholic priest, physicist, and astronomer
  • First known academic to propose a theory of an expanding universe
  • "Hypothesis of the primeval atom or cosmic egg"
• Genesis


  One of the books of the Hebrew Bible and Christian old testament
• Genesis


  1. Separated light from darkness

  2. Created the sky, land, sea, moon, stars, and every living creature in six days
• Rigveda


  A Hindu text
• Rigveda


  Described the universe as an oscillating universe in which a "cosmic egg" of Brahmana containing the whole universe expanded out of a single concentrated point
• Anaxagoras


  Believed in a primordial universe
• Leucippus & Democritus


  Believed in an atomic universe
• Aristotle & Ptolemy


  The Greek philosophers proposed a geocentric universe where earth stayed motionless in the heaven and everything was revolving around it
• Nicolaus Copernicus


  Contradicted the theory of the philosophers; his theory of heliocentrism demonstrated that the motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting the earth in the center of the universe
• Giordano Bruno


  In 1584 the Italian philosopher suggested that even the Solar System is not in the center of the universe
• Sir Isaac Newton


  In 1687 he described the universe as a static, steady state, infinite universe
• Rene Descartes


  French philosopher outlined a Cartesian vortex model of the universe with many of the characteristics of Newton's static, infinite universe
• Gravitational effects


  A system of a huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter
• Albert Einstein


  Believed that the universe was static neither expanding nor contraction but he added a cosmological constant to his general theory
• Edwin Hubble


  American astronomer showed that the universe was not static in 1929
• Modern Theories


  • A synthesis of the past observations, theories, and laws, as well as the understanding of mass, energy, and relativity
  • The new types of telescopes and sensors, which extended humankind's ability to observe the further regions of the universe
• Big Bang Theory


  Current accepted model on the formation of the universe
• Big Bang Theory


  1. Describes the universe is expanding having originated from an infinitely tiny dense point around 14 Gya

  2. Singularity - there is only pure energy compressed in a single point when matter was not present
• Georges Lemaitre


  Attributed the fundamental statement of the big bang theory in 1927
• Edwin Hubble


  Supported the big bang theory and demonstrated the continuously expanding of the universe through the observation of galactic redshifts in 1929