CAPSTONE | LECTURE 03

• Q: The conduct of an experimental study employs the Scientific Method, which involves systematic procedures in order to come up with scientifically acceptable and verifiable results
• Q: There are also instances when the procedure needs to be modified as a results of an unexpected data or problems in the conduct of the experiment. Hence, there is a need to return to a previous step.
• Q: Research is an iterative process because the results generated may lead to more questions that need further research
• THE RESEARCH PROCESS & THE RESEARCH TOPIC

  1. Choosing a Research Topic
  2. Gathering information about the Research Topic
  3. Preparing a Review of Related Literature
  4. Writing the Research Proposal (Formulating the Hypothesis and the Research design).
  5. Conducting the experiment.
  6. Collecting and analyzing data.
  7. Writing the Research Report
  8. Disseminating the research study
• Q: Selecting a Research Topic is a critical initial step in conducting a project. The challenge is to come up with a topic that us novel, feasible, and applicable. INVERTED TRIANGLE
• BROAD


  enough to have an impact on the society and the scientific community.
• NARROW


  enough to make the research project doable and answers a specific problem. But if it is too narrow only a few articles or studies are available to serve as your reference.
• Q: After reviewing the categories, limit your topic using subcategories
• PROCESS OF SUB-CATEGORIZING A RESEARCH TOPIC

  1. Main Category
  2. First Level
  3. Second Level
  4. Proposed Title
• Q: Questions to be answered in inquiry may then be crafted. Ideal questions for doing a project start with why, how, what, who, when, where, or which.
• NATURE OF RESEARCH


  The purpose of Qualitative Research is to explore, understand, and interpret human behavior
• Q: The aims of Quantitative Research are to test hypothesis, determined cause-and-effect relationship, and make predictions.
• Philosophical Foundation


  Deductive: Reductionist
• Aim


  Test predetermined Hypothesis
• Methodology


  Predetermined: Step-by-Step: Confirmatory, or Top-Down
• Variables


  Distinct set of variables
• Position of researchers

  Detached: Highly Objective
• Assessing quality of outcomes


  Validity and reliability tested directly through statistic
• Utility of results


  Generalizability
• THE RESEARCH DESIGN


  The research design is the overall plan or conceptual structure formulated to address the research problem. If the research design is not properly formulated, the overall research problem might be inadequately addressed.
• DESCRIPTIVE


  It describes, explains, and validates various aspects of the subject.
• DESCRIPTIVE


  The data are obtained through a systematic observation of the samples. However, because the samples are merely observed, the variables are not controlled and the conclusion cannot describes any relationship among the variables
• CORRELATIONAL


  It establishes the extent of the relationship among variables.
• CORRELATIONAL


  It recognizes the trends and patterns in the data, in the variables, or in the subject itself. However, it proves only relationship, not the cause.
• CASUAL- COMPARATIVE


  It attempts to establish cause- and-effect relationships among variables.
• CASUAL- COMPARATIVE


  This can determine the influence of a certain variable on other variables or even on the entire subject.
• CASUAL- COMPARATIVE


  However, because of the nature of this research design, the samples are usually predetermined and not randomly selected.
• EXPERIMENTAL


  It involves a setup where the research maintains absolute control over all the factors that may affect the experiment.
• EXPERIMENTAL


  Hence, the variables are systematically manipulated to observe their effects.