Nomenclature

• Organic molecule name


  3 parts: 1) Parent name indicates number of carbons in longest chain, 2) Suffix indicates functional group present, 3) Prefix tells identity, location, and number of substituents

  
• Alkane nomenclature


  1. Find parent carbon chain and add suffix

  2. Number atoms in carbon chain to give first substituent lowest number

  3. Name and number substituents

  4. Combine substituent names/numbers, parent, and suffix
• Alkanes


  • Parent name indicates number of carbons in longest continuous chain
  • Suffix indicates alkane functional group (-ane)
  • Prefixes indicate identity, location, and number of substituents

  
• Alkyl group


  Another alkane minus one hydrogen, used as a substituent
• Cycloalkane nomenclature


  1. Find parent cycloalkane

  2. Name and number substituents
• Some organic compounds use common names instead of IUPAC nomenclature
• IUPAC rules for other functional groups differ in: 1) Suffix changes, 2) Some functional groups have priority, 3) Longest chain must contain suffix functional group, 4) Numbering gives functional group lowest number
• Functional group priority order

  Alcohol > Alkyne > Alkene > Alkane = Alkyl halide
• Alkyl halide nomenclature


  Same as alkanes but with different suffix
• Alcohol nomenclature


  1. If OH on ring, number ring starting with OH

  2. If multiple OH groups, use prefixes like diol, triol
• Alkene nomenclature


  1. Compounds with double bond and OH are alkenols

  2. Compounds with multiple double bonds use prefixes like diene, triene
• Alkene stereochemistry


  • cis - identical/substantial groups on same side of C=C
  • trans - identical/substantial groups on opposite sides of C=C
• Alkyne nomenclature


  1. Change -ane to -yne suffix

  2. Number to give triple bond lowest number

  3. Compounds with multiple triple bonds use prefixes like diyne, triyne
• Compounds with both double and triple bonds are named as enynes