UNIT 8: Solid, Liquid, & Gas

• Kinetic Molecular Theory


  how matter is composed of small particles that are in constant random motion that has spaces between them.
• KMT:

  1. Gas molecules move very fast in straight-line paths.
  2. Kelvin temperature is proportional to the average Kinetic Energy.
  3. The space between molecules is very far.
  4. Gas collisions are elastic.
  5. Forces of attraction are negligible.
• Assumption of KMT in Gas:

  1. indefinite shape and volume
  2. weak attraction between molecules
  3. free random motion
• Assumptions of KMT in Liquid:

  1. definite volume but indefinite shape.
  2. molecules have enough energy to slide over one another.
  3. attraction of particles are stronger than gas.
• Assumptions of KMT in Solid:

  1. definite shape and volume.
  2. tightly packed together and organized.
  3. very strong attractive forces.
• Surface Tension


  force that causes the molecules on the surface of a liquid to be pushed together and form a layer.
• Viscosity


  resistance of a fluid to flow.
• Vapor Pressure


  measure of the tendency of a material to change into the gaseous or vapor state.
• Boiling Point


  temperature at which any liquid starts to boil.
• Heat of Vaporization


  amount of heat needed to vaporize.
• Properties of Water:

  1. High Boiling Point
  2. High Specific Heat
  3. Contracts when cool
  4. High Heat of Vaporization
  5. High Surface Tension
• Boiling point of water (in deg C)

  100
• Specific Heat of Water (in J/kg deg C)

  4182
• Capillary Action


  ascension of liquid thru a tube.
• Cohesion


  attraction of molecules of the SAME kind.
• Adhesion


  attraction of molecules of the DIFFERENT kind.
• Crystalline Solids


  atoms in the molecules are equally the same size, takes up less spaces, and has high ordered structure.
• Amorphous Solids


  unequal sized molecules, takes up more spaces, less compact, irregular shape and order of atoms.
• Volatile


  liquids that evaporate easily
• Allotrope


  element exists into two or more forms w/o changing state.
• Latent heat of fusion


  amt of heat that is absorbed by a solid as it melts to liquid
• Graham's Law of Diffusion


  rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to the square root of their molecular weights.
• Boyle's Law


  pressure is inversely proportional to its volume.
• Charles' Law


  volume is directly proportional to its temperature.
• Gay-Lussac's Law


  pressure is directly proportional to its temperature.
• Avogadro's Law


  volume is directly proportional to the number of molecules
• Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures


  the total pressure exerted by the mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure of each gas.
• This equation represents Combined Gas Law.

  
• This equation represents Ideal Gas Law.