UNIT 10: Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry is the study of carbon-containing compounds
• All organic compounds are derived from a group of compounds known as hydrocarbons.
• This represents a Expanded Structural Formula.

  
• This represents a Condensed Structural Formula.

  
• This represents a Skeletal Structural Formula

  
• Saturated Hydrocarbons


  Contain the largest possible number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom
• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons


  Contain less hydrogen than an alkane having the same number of carbon atoms.
• Alkane


  single bond between C atoms
• Alkene


  double bond between C atom
• Alkyne


  triple bond between C atoms
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons


  characterized by the presence of benzene rings
• Steps in naming using IUPAC:

  1. Identify the functional group and type of chain.
  2. Find the longest carbon chain.
  3. Number the carbon atoms in the carbon chain.
  4. Look for any branched groups.
  5. Combine the elements of the compound's name into a single word.
• Isomers


  Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule
• This type of isomers are structural isomers.

  
• Enantiomers


  Two compounds with the exact same connectivity, that are mirror images of each other but that are not identical to each other.

  
• Cis-isomers


  isomers that are same side groups placed on the same side of a double bond.

  
• Trans isomers


  an isomer in which the functional groups are located on the other sides of the double bond.

  
• Functional Groups


  specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of the other atoms present in a molecule
• This functional group is alcohol.

  
• This functional group is phenol.

  
• This functional group is called ether.

  
• This functional group is called aldehyde

  
• This functional group is called ketone.

  
• This functional group is called Carboxylic Acid.

  
• This functional group is called ester.

  
• IUPAC Ending of each Functional Group:

  1. Alcohol: -ol
  2. Ethers: -oxy
  3. Ketones: -one
  4. Carboxylic Acid: -oic acid
  5. Aldehydes: -al
  6. Esters: -ate
  7. Amide: -amide
  8. Amine: -amine
• This functional group is called alkyl halides.

  
• This functional group is called amide.

  
• This functional group is called amine.

  
• This functional group is called thiol.