Hard Water

• What ions cause hard water?

  Dissolved calcium and magnesium ions
• What causes temporary hard water?

  Magnesium and calcium hydrogencarbonate
• What causes permanent hard water?

  Magnesium and calcium sulfate
• What happens in an ion exchange column?

  Each calcium or magnesium ion is exchanged for two sodium ions
• What are the advantages of water hardness?

  Strengthens teeth and bones

  Lowers risk of heart disease

  Improves brewing and baking

  Better taste
• What are the disadvantages of water hardness?

  Forms limescale

  Furs up pipes

  Reduces efficiency of appliances

  Wastes soap