Chapter 16

• What led to Khrushchev's downfall?Khrushchev's era?

  Failed Cuban Missile Crisis, Berlin Crisis and domestic policies

  
  

  •ALLOWED FOR SOME DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN EASTERN EUROPEAN SATELLITE STATES AS LONG AS COUNTRIES REMAINED LOYAL TO USSR AND STAYED IN THE WARSAW PACT

  •RELATIONS WITH CHINA DETERIORATED DUE TO IDEOLOGY

  •NORMALISED RELATIONS WITH YUGOSLAVIA IN EASTERN EUROPE

  •OUSTED BY BREZHNEV IN 1964 AFTER LOSS OF FACE OVER BERLIN AND CUBA
• When did Khrushchev leave?

  Resigned (forced to leave) 1964
• Who took over from Khrushchev?

  Brezhnev

  •USSR REASSERTED ITSELF AS LEADER OF THE COMMUNIST WORLD

  •REPRESSION OF DISSENT IN SOVIET UNION AND IN EASTERN EUROPE

  •GROWING DEMANDS IN EASTERN EUROPE BETWEEN 1964 AND 1968 FOR CHANGES IN LEADERSHIP AND POLICIES

  •DEMANDS WERE MAINLY LED BY INTELLECTUALS BUT WORSENING CONDITIONS LED TO MORE WORKERS JOINING UNIONS

  •WITHIN USSR THE REGIME WAS ASSOCIATED WITH CORRUPTION AND STAGNATION
• What was Brezhnev's aim?

  Economic progress
• Why did Czechoslovakia reconsider their relationship with communism?

  Had always been rich country but economic decline recorded in 1963

  believed communist party inefficient + corrupt
• Who proposed reforms in 1966 in Czechoslovakia?

  Ota Sik, Economic professor, influential
• What reforms did Ota Sik propose?

  End to economic targets

  Responsive to public opinion

  Workforce have more power

  Political reforms
• Did people support Ota Sik?

  Yes intellectuals and wider public

  • Aligned with Growing student discontent in Poland
• When was Novotny replaced?

  January 1968
• Who was Novotny replaced by?

  Dubcek
• Why did the USSR replace Novotny with Dubcek?

  Liked him and thought he would stick to the rules. was a Slovak so thought he would appeal to that minority
• How was Dubcek not what the USSR expected?

  - He was a charismatic moderniser - Began to replace key officials with those that wanted reform without consulting the Soviets
• Dubček quote on his preferred style of communism

  "Socialism with a human face"
• when did Dubcek announce the action programme?

  April 1968
• Demands of the "action programme"

  - Free elections

  - Free speech

  - Ending of censorship

  - Accepting of some free market policies

  - Free movement

  - Accepting of some Western culture

  • wanted ussr to keep control but to acknowledge the legitimacy of non-party institutions e.g. trade unions e.g. Club K-213 made of former political prisoners
  • To protect these reforms, Dubcek promised that Czechoslovakia would remain in the Warsaw Pact
• How did people react to these changes and feel about it?

  national poll - 94.6% supported reforms

  • Uncomfortable freedom
• when did the Warsaw pact conduct military exercises in Czechoslovakia hoping to intimidate Dubcek?


  June 1968
• Warsaw powers had a meeting to discuss Czechoslovakian reforms


  14 - 15 July 1968
• Why was the Warsaw Pact fearful of Dubcek's reforms?


  believed Eastern Europe was becoming exposed to the possibility of "democratic infection"
• Why were Poland in particular concerned with Dubcek?

  It was causing growing student discontent and the phrase 'Poland awaits her own Dubcek' echoed across the land
• when was the Warsaw letter? What was it?

  July 1968

  Eastern Bloc leaders warned Dubček against challenging Soviet rule
• How did Dubcek react to the Warsaw Letter?

  July 1968 - refused to agree to demands said this to public on TV
• When did the Warsaw countries invade Czechoslovakia?

  20 - 21 August 1968

  • Took control of Prague airport
  • Brezhnev told Dubcek to repeal reforms but he did not
• What did Dubcek say about the invasion?

  Told Czech army not to resist
• Number of casualties of the Prague Spring

  - 100 killed

  - 500 wounded
• How did China react to the invasion of Czechoslovakia?

  Against it as the USSR violated sovereignty
• What was the Brezhnev Doctrine a reaction to?

  The Czech reforms
• What and when was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

  Nov 1968:

  Policy that the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if communism was threatened in another communist nation
• Who replaced Dubcek?

  Hardline Husak in April 1969

  Red Army stayed
• Percentage of population supporting Dubček's reforms

  94.6%
• When did Sino-Soviet split start?

  late 1950s
• How did the Sino Soviet split start?

  Khrushchev started destalinisation and criticised Stalin, someone Mao respected
• How were Khrushchev and Mao different?

  K - didn't mind small changes within communism as long as you stayed in Warsaw Pact

  M - very orthodox like Stalin
• Why did Mao and Khrushchev bump heads?

  Mao didn't feel respected by Soviets and accused Khrushchev of revisionism
• Khrushchev quote on Mao.


  An "old boot that needs to be thrown out"
• the Malinvosky incident


  1964

  the Soviet Defence minister, Malinovsky, suggested to a Chinese delegate, Marshal He Long, that the Chinese should get rid of Mao just as the USSR had removed Khrushchev. The talks immediately collapsed despite Soviet apologies
• How did the divisions between China and the USSR materialise/take shape?


  K - supported India in China border dispute in 1959 and Withdrew technological aid from China 1960

  M - criticised Khrushchev for handling of Cuba and reluctance to use nuclear weapons
• What did China ask for in 1964?

  Land back from the USSR in Siberia

  Krushchev said no but resigned so left with Brezhnev
• How did Brezhnev differ in relation to China?

  Wanted relationship with China due to the Vietnam war
• How did the relationship with China collapse under Brezhnev?

  Malinvosky Incident