Chapter 18

• When was SALT 1 signed?

  May 1972
• Where was SALT I signed?

  Moscow summit
• 3 parts of SALT I

  - Anti-Ballistic Treaty

  - Interim Agreement

  - Moscow Summit
• Provisions of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

  - Limited the powers to no more than 100 ballistic missiles each

  - Limited them to 2 AMB fields each
• Advantages of the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

  - Each power recognised the other's destructive potential

  - Both powers regarded it as a fundamental step in preventing nuclear war

  - Restricted the value of AMBs and lessened the need to develop them
• Main provisions of the Interim Agreement

  - Established a freeze on strategic missiles

  - Limited the numbers of ICBMs, SLBMs and strategic bombers
• Number of ICBMs allowed by the powers under the Interim Agreement

  - America = 1054

  - USSR = 1618
• Number of SLBMs allowed by the powers under the Interim Agreement

  - America = 656

  - USSR = 740
• Number of strategic bombers allowed by the powers under the Interim Agreement

  - America = 450

  - USSR = 140
• Advantages of the Interim Agreement

  - Both Nixon and Brezhnev politically benefited

  - Promoted international peace

  - Laid the foundations for détente

  - Established nuclear parity
• Disadvantages of the Interim Agreement

  - Expired in 1977 (only 5 years)

  - Did not prevent the development of new weapons e.g., MIRVS

  - Failed to limit cruise missiles
• Agreements finalised at the Moscow Summit


  - SALT I

  - Basic Principles
• Total number of Basic Principles

  12
• Examples of Basic Principles

  - Peaceful co-existence

  - No interference in other nations' domestic affairs

  - Avoiding and preventing military confrontation
• Differing views on the Basic Principles

  - America saw the principles as a set of aspirations

  - USSR saw them as binding
• 2 parts of SALT II

  - Vladivostok Summit

  - Vienna Summit
• When was the Vladivostok Summit part 1?

  Who attended?

  November 1974

  Kissinger (for Ford) and Brezhnev
• Progress made before the Vladivostok Summit

  - Kissinger met with Brezhnev

  - Progress was made on limiting the number of MIRVs and missile launchers
• Advantages of the Vladivostok Summit

  - Agreement was reached on a framework for a 10-year plan

  - Seen as a preliminary move towards a future SALT II

  - USSR agreed to equal America on levels of ICBMs and SLBMs
• Disadvantages of the Vladivostok Summit

  - America argued the limit on air-to-surface missiles only applied to ballistics

  - USSR argued they included cruise missiles

  - Similar disagreements arose later at Geneva
• When was the Vladivostok summit part 2? Who attended?

  January 1977Carter and Brezhnev
• Carter's proposals announced in March 1977


  - A ban on the testing, development and deployment of new ICBMs

  - A reduction in strategic systems from the 2,400 agreed at Vladivostok to no more than 2,000

  - A ban on all cruise missiles with a range of over 2,500 km
• Brezhnev's reaction to Carter's proposals

  - He viewed them as unilateral

  - They were rejected by the Soviets
• At what summit was SALT II discussed?

  Vienna Summit
• When was the Vienna Summit?

  June 1979
• Agreements reached at the Vienna Summit

  - Both parties agreed to limit missile launchers and bombers to 2,400 or less

  - Strategic offensive arms were not to exceed 2,500 from January 1981
• Advantages of the Vienna Summit

  - Both Carter and Brezhnev displayed warmth and mutual respect

  - Each recognised the other power's significance
• Disadvantages of the Vienna Summit

  - Brezhnev appeared elderly and frail at his meeting with Carter

  - Their conversation was largely scripted beforehand
• Reason why SALT II was not put into practice

  Carter ordered the Senate to refuse its ratification after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• Kissinger's view on SALT

  The arms race would not expand but would continue
• Carter's Secretary of State for Defence

  James Schlesinger
• Schlesinger's view on the arms race


  America needed to retain superiority
• Action Carter convinced NATO allies to undertake (1979)

  Increase military expenditure by 3%
• When did Nixon visit China?

  February 1972
• How did Nixon's relations with China impact SALT?

  Nixon was able to pressure the USSR by using the China card
• Outcome of Nixon's visit to Beijing

  - He and Mao released a joint communiqué announcing the meeting's success

  - This undermined and alienated the USSR
• Growth in trade between America and China (1970s)

  $5 million's worth per year to $500 million's worth per year
• Example of another Western Power cultivating links with China

  1975: Britain secured an order to supply China with Rolls-Royce engines
• New leader of East Germany

  Erich Honecker
• New Chancellor of West Germany

  Willy Brandt