Chapter 20

• right wing government in Lisbon (Angola) overthrown

  April 1974
• Promise made by the left-wing Portuguese government

  Angola would be granted independence
• Parties in the interim Angolan government

  - Marxist MPLA

  - Initially Maoist UNITA

  - Pro-American FNLA
• when did china send military advisors to the FNLA? how many?

  June 1974

  120
• Amount of covert funding sent to the FNLA by America. When?


  January 1975

  $300,000
• Aid received by the MPLA from USSR and Cuba

  - Arms from the Soviets

  - Military instructors from Cuba
• When did Portugal withdraw from Angola?

  Spring 1975
• Consequence of the Portuguese withdrawal from Angola

  Civil war
• When did Kissinger persuade Ford to send aid to FNLA?

  July 1975
• Aid sent to the FNLA by America

  - $25 million in supplies

  - $16 million in arms
• Other nations supporting the FNLA

  - Zaire

  - South Africa
• Reason why South Africa supported the FNLA

  It feared a left-wing group in power in Angola could threaten its apartheid policies
• Reasons why America ended support for the FNLA

  - It was focused on détente

  - The conflict was costly

  - It did not want to align itself with South Africa
• View of CIA Director William Colby (December 1975)


  There was little difference between Angola's factions
• Number of Cuban troops in Angola (January 1976)

  12,000
• Continued Angolan-Cuban relations

  - Promised to assist Angola from the threat of other nations

  - Helped President Neto suppress a coup led by pro-Soviets

  - Provided scholarships for Angolan students to study in Cuba
• Number of Cuban troops in Angola (1988)

  52,000
• When was the MPLA's final victory?

  March 1976
• Marxist regime established in Ethiopia

  1974
• Ogaden region

  - Given to Ethiopia by Britain

  - Traditionally considered to be Somali territory

  - Somalia invaded the region
• When did Somalia invade Ogaden in Ethiopia?

  July 1977
• Support given to Ethiopia by USSR and Cuba

  - USSR withdrew support for the Somali government

  - Cuba sent troops to aid Colonel Mengistu, Brezhnev applauded this
• Castro sent troops to Ethiopia

  November 1977
• Number of Cuban troops in Ethiopia (February 1978)

  15,000
• End of the Ogaden War

  March 1978

  - Somali troops retreated

  - A truce was agreed
• Consequences of Cuba assisting Ethiopia


  - America accused the Soviets of using Cuba to extend its own power in Africa

  - Détente was undermined

  - American-Cuban detente was damaged
• When was the Chilean election?

  September 1970
• Outcome of the Chilean Election of 1970


  - Socialist candidate Salvador Allende won

  - He did not command a majority
• Reasons why America wanted to keep Chile in its sphere of influence

  - It had significant interests in its copper and silver mines

  - An American company dominated its telecommunications system

  - in its backyard
• Actions of the CIA in response to Allende's election win

  - It tried to organise a coup to prevent Allende's inauguration

  - This failed and Allende became President
• Allende's socialist policies


  - Land distribution

  - Nationalisation of the banking system

  - Nationalisation of the copper industry
• The 40 Committee


  - Organisation established under Nixon to orchestrate regime change

  - Allocated vast funds to undermining Allende
• Actions of the American government in response to Allende's actions

  - Withdrawal of economic aid to Chile

  - Influence of the World Bank to deny Chile loans

  - This led to spiralling inflation and unemployment

  - CIA instigated numerous strikes and riots
• Actions of General Augusto Pinochet

  1973

  - Led a coup against Allende

  - Established a right-wing dictatorship
• Chile under Pinochet

  - Allende was assassinated

  - Pro-Allende sympathisers were hunted down and killed

  - Civil rights violations

  - Reverse of socialist reforms

  -Chile suffered a brutal dictatorship for 25 ears
• Left-wing group that seized power in Grenada


  New Jewel Movement (NJM)
• Actions of the NJM

  - It created a one-party socialist state

  - It accepted Soviet and Cuban aid
• Instability within the NJM

  - Factionalism emerged within the Movement

  - Bernard Coard seized power

  - General Hudson Austin then overthrew Coard
• Basis for American intervention in Grenada

  - There was a handful of military advisers in Cuba

  - There was no real evidence to show the NJM planned to establish a pro-Soviet or Cuban regime, only a handful of Cuban advisors
• When did Reagan get USA to invade Grenada?

  October 1983