UNIT 9: Concentration

• Solution


  homogenous mixture made up of 2 or more substances.
• Solvent


  the component presented in greater quantity in a solution.
• Solute


  the component that is being dissolved in a solvent.
• Aqueous Solution


  the solvent is only water
• soluble substances


  substances that dissolves completely in a solvent.
• insoluble substance


  substances that do not dissolve completely in a solvent.
• Solubility


  max amt of solute that can be dissolved in 100g of water at a specific temp.
• Miscibility


  ability of one substance to mix with another substance.
• Miscible


  two substances completely mixed
• Immiscible


  the two substance do not mix
• Solubility rule


  Like dissolves like
• Heat of Solution


  heat involved when a solute dissolves to give a saturated solution.
• Le Chatelier's Principle


  If a rxn is endo, the solubility increases w/ an increase in temp.

  If exo, the solubility decreases w/ an increase in temp.
• Saturated solution


  amt of solute = max amt of solvent can dissolve
• Unsaturated solution


  amt of solute < max amt the solvent can dissolve.
• Supersaturated solution


  amt of solute > max amt of solvent can dissolve
• Diluted


  when the amt of solute is LESS than the amt of solvent
• Concentrated


  amt of solute is MORE than the amount of solvent
• Ways of expressing Concentration:

  1. Molarity
  2. Molality
  3. Parts per million
  4. Mole Fraction
  5. Normality
  6. Number of Equivalent
  7. Equivalent Weight
  8. Dilution Property of Solutions
• Colligative Properties


  properties that depend on the # of solute particles that are dissolved in a given quantity of solvent.
• 4 Colligative Properties:

  1. Boiling Point Elevation
  2. Freezing Point Depression
  3. Vapor Pressure Depression
  4. Osmotic Pressure
• Boiling Point Elevation


  increase in the boiling point of a solvent upon the addition of a solute.
• Freezing Point Depression


  the lowering of the freezing point of solvents upon the addition of solutes
• Vapor Pressure Depression


  When a solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent is lower than the vapor pressure above the pure solvent.
• Osmotic Pressure


  the pressure exerted on the solution to keep it in equilibrium with the pure solvent.
• Colloid


  bridges the gap between a solution and a heterogenous system
• Tyndall Effect


  scattering of light by colloids
• Adsorption


  ability of the substance to hold physically another substance on its surface.
• Dialysis


  diffusion of small particles through a semi-permeable membrane while retaining the bigger particles in the membrane.