systematics understanding nomenclature A

• TAXONOMY - "The perpetual re-classification of misnamed species."
• It's practical to have names because:

  Without names – gives long description to organisms

  With names – it would be simple
• NOMENCLATURE - Assignment of names utilizing a formal system.
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

  Standard system for naming things

  Linnaeus described and named > 6,000 animals and >4,000 plants using Latin

  Scientific name does not replace, but instead further defines common name
• Early naming of species

  • 1st word was a noun: Genus
  • 2nd word was an adjective: specific epithet (it would describe the genus)
  • Genus + specific epithet = scientific name of a species
• ✓ SCIENTIFIC NAMES are meaningful.

  ✓ SCIENTIFIC NAMES may tell you where it was first discovered

  ✓ SCIENTIFIC NAMES may be in honor of a person
• What are the different codes of Nomenclature?

  International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)

  International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

  International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB)

  International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

  International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)

  International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN)
• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)

  • International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants

  • Governs scientific names of land plants, fungi and algae

  • First established in 1867, and formalized in 1930

  • Fixes 1 May 1753 as official start (Linnaeus' Species Plantarum)

  • Governed by the International Botanical Congress (IBC)

  • Managed by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy

  • Updated every 6 years at the IBC
• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

  • Governs scientific names of animals

  • First established in 1895

  • Fixes 1 January 1758 as official start (Linnaeus' Systema Naturae)

  • Governed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

  • Managed by a Secretariat

  • Updated as needed
• International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB)

  • Governs scientific names of bacteria

  • Initial bacteriological code in 1947 discarded, and ICNB established in 1980

  • Fixes 1 January 1980 as official start

  • Governed by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP)
• Why all the fuss about species nomenclature? Why do we have these codes and guidelines?

  Better Communication! With these, we can avoid:

  ✓ Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)

  ✓ Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms)
• DISADVANTAGES OF COMMON NAMES

  1. Only scientific names are universal, used the same world-wide,
  2. Common names are not consistent. (a.) A taxon may have more than one common name. (b.) One common name may refer to more than one taxon.
  3. Common names tell nothing about rank.
  4. Many, if not most, organisms have no common name in any language.
• Common Names might be MISLEADING. Clearly, a universal, standardized naming system is needed.
• HOW TO LEARN SCIENTIFIC NAMES:

  1. Syllabize and accent.
  2. Use mnemonic devices.
  3. Learn the etymology (meaning).
  4. Practice and review: oral and written recitation.
• The Concept of Authorship

  • In Zoology:

  The year when the name was given is evident.

  The presence of Close and open parenthesis in the original author indicates that there is a revision in the name.

  • In Botany

  The year when the name was given is not evident.

  The presence of Close and open parenthesis in the original author and the name of the revising author indicates that there is a revision in the name.
• Intraspecific Ranks

  • In Zoology:

  Abbreviated subsp. and var. is not indicated.

  • In Botany:

  Abbreviated subsp. and var. is indicated.
• The Concept of Basionym

  Basionym – old/original name in which a new name was based.

  • In Zoology:

  Revising author’s name is NOT included just the original author in parenthesis.

  • In Botany:

  Revising author’s name is included and original author’s name is abbreviated.
• In Zoology: "Available"

  In Botany: "Validly Published"
• In Zoology: "Valid"

  In Botany: "Correct Name"
• In Zoology: "Junior Synonym"

  In Botany: "Homotypic Synonym"
• In Zoology: "Senior Synonym"

  In Botany: "Heteroptypic Synonym"