Physics 2⚛

• • Matter- anything that has a mass and occupies space.
  • They consist of atoms , particles and molecules
• Two types of matter:

  1. Mixtures
  2. Pure substance
• • Mixture - a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its own properties
• Types of mixtures:

  1. Homogenous mixture
  2. Heterogeneous mixture
• • Homogenous mixture- a mixture that has an even , uniform or same composition.
  • Solution- a solute which dissloves in a solvent.
• • Heterogeneous mixture- a mixture that is not even , uniform or the same.
  • Pure substance- substances that consists of one type of matter only.
  • elements and compounds
• • Elements- pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by any chemical methods.
  • Compounds- a combination of two or more atoms or elements that are chemically bonded in a fixed ratio
• A compound has:

  1. Chemical name
  2. Chemical formula
• Every compound has:

  1. A cation- positively charged ions
  2. A anion- negatively charged ions
• Group 3 to 12 are transitioning metals
• NaI

  Sodium iodine
• KMnO4

  Potasium permanganate
• H2O

  Hydrogen oxide
• NH3

  Nitrogen hydrite
• Materials- matter that we can use daily
• 1. Strength: the ability of a material to with stand a force.
• 2. Ductility: the ability of a material to be stretched into thin wires
• 3. Malleability: the ability of a material to be hammered into different shapes without breaking or cracking
• 4. Brittleness: the tendency of a material to break when a force is applied
• 5. Thermal conductivity: the ability to conduct heat
• 6. Electrical conductivity: ability to allow current to flow
• 7. Density: the force per unit area
• Metals

  • Solids at room temperature
  • Most are grey and shiny
  • They have high melting p and boiling point
  • Metals are good thermal and electrical conductors
• Nonmetals

  • Are solids and gases at room temperature
  • They are not conductors of heat and electricity
• Metaloids

  • They have characteristics of metals and non metals
• Three states of matter: solids liquids and gas
• Gas state is where particles move independently with no fixed position
• Liquid state is when particles move freely but stay close together
• Solid state is when particles vibrate around fixed positions
• The kinetic theory explains how particles behave in different states of matter
• Melting point: the temperature at which the solid state and liquid state are at equilibrium
• Sublimation: the change from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase
• Freezing point: the temperature at which the liquid state and solid state are at equilibrium
• Boiling point: the temperature at which the liquid state and gaseous state are at equilibrium
• Condensation: the change from gas to liquid without passing through the solid phase
• Evaporation: the change from liquid to gas without passing through the solid phase
• Vaporisation: the change from liquid to gas without passing through the solid phase
• Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen , its ratio is 2:1
• Chemical name for water?

  Hydrogen oxide
• The atom consists of:

  • Protons(+)- Nucleus (Z)
  • Electrons(-) - around the Nucleus
  • Neutrons- N