Henry VIII

• Early church relations with HVIII

  Devoted catholic, wrote Assertio Septum Sacromentomum, could appoint who he wanted e.g Wolsey
• Cromwell's position?


  1535, became Vicegerent in Spirituals
• Bishops?


  New bishops appointed who sahre HVIII's views e.g Hugh Latimer
• Royal Letters?


  1535: sent to bishops and nobility ordering them to imprison clergymen who preached in Pope's favour
• New Doctrine?


  1536: Act of 10 Articles

  1536: Issued set of injunctions which attacked catholic practices e.g pilgrimage
• Treason?


  1534 Treason Act: prosecute those who refused to take oath, some executed e.g John Fisher
• Monasteries: Support?


  Important centre for education, provided support for poor and sick, were local employers and landlords
• How did the dissolution process begin?

  1535 Valor Ecclesiasticus: surveyed church and revealed wealth
• How much did dissolution raise?

  £1.3m 1536-7
• Why were communities worried?

  Worried local parish churches under threat e.g in Louth, had just spent money on new spire
• Pilgrimage of Grace: Religious causes?

  Dissolution of monasteries, scared of reformist action, "pilgrimage" suggests religious motivation, carried banner showing 5 wounds of Christ
• Pilgrimage of Grace: Social and Economic causes?

  North suffering hardship especially after 1534 subsidy, poor harvests in north, entry fines increasing, enclosure
• Pilgrimage of Grace: Gentry?


  Members of gentry joined e.g Thomas Percy, Lord Darcy, catholic sympathies of nobilities explains demands of rebels e.g repeal Act of Supremacy 1534
• Pilgrimage of Grace: Role of Northumberland


  Surrendered Wressie Castle to rebels, in contact with Eustace Chapuys
• Act of Uses


  1535, HVIII had right over lands when held by a minor, restricted effeoffment of lands
• Lincolnshire Rising: Bishop of Lincoln?

  Officer arrived at Louth to do visitation, paranoia grew, armed men surrounded church treasure at night
• Lincolnshire Rising: Capture?


  Men marched to Legbourne Nunnery and captured commissioners
• Lincolnshire Rising: Crowd?


  3,000 people met at Louth and commissioners forced to flee, spread to Horncastle and Calster
• Lincolnshire Rising: Lincoln?


  10,000 men marched to Lincoln, local nobility e.g Hussey fled but didn't stop rebellion
• Lincolnshire Rising: King's Army?

  Led by Suffolk, gentry didn't fight and asked Suffolk for pardon, angered commons but they disbanded
• Lincolnshire Rising: Significant threat?

  numbers and speed, church support, local gentry disobeyed king, strong organisation
• Lincolnshire Rising: Limited threat?

  Gentry leadership wavered, put down in 8 days, nobles remained loyal, treason threats and loyalty to HVIII
• PoG: When did it begin?

  10/10/1536 in East Riding, Yorkshire
• PoG: Support?


  10,000 men and took over York by 16/10
• PoG: Proclamations?


  Aske issued proclamation of rebels peaceful intentions
• PoG: Captures?


  19/10: captured port of Hull and Pontefract Castle, Lord Darcy joined rebel army
• PoG: Spread?


  11/10: North Riding joined with gentry support e.g Lord Latimer and Robert Bowes, captured Barnard Castle then met Aske's rebels in York
• PoG: Size?


  9 rebel hosts all under leadership of Aske, 30,00 men, well trained fighters
• PoG: HVIII's army?


  Overstretched, Suffolk still in Lincoln, HVIII sent home 2nd army, most Yorkshire gentry joined rebellion
• PoG: Norfolk?


  23/10: marched with 8,000 men, outnumbered so had to negotiate
• PoG: Pontefract Castle


  27/10: Had meeting where 5 articles produced and sent to King, HVIII responded angrily
• PoG: Doncaster?


  06/12: 2nd meeting between Norfolk and Rebels, rebels granted pardon and promised Parliament in North
• Bigod's Rising


  1537, distrust that HVIII was going to deliver on aims, failed to get support, Bigod captured
• PoG: Suppression?


  144 gentry rebels executed e.g Hussey, all Carlisle rebels killed
• PoG: Role of HVIII

  Originally made no concessions to demands, no promise of compromise strengthened rebellion, offered negotiation with no mention to articles, promises vague and nothing put in writing
• PoG: Role of Thomas Cromwell


  Reformist views made him target of rebels, used rebellion to pruge rival claimants to throne e.g Henry Pole executed 1538, used power to change religion of country
• PoG: Role of Duke of Norfolk


  1536: constant contact with HVIII in London, told him negotiation best option, nobility pilgrims trusted him, recruited former pilgrims to repress rebellion, persuaded Aske to go to London
• PoG: Role of Sir Francis Bigod

  Involved in emplementing Cromwell's reforms, mistrusted Norfolk and HVIII, vulnerable as gentry leader and opposed king's supremacy
• PoG: Role of Robert Aske

  Came up with name PoG clever propaganda, good organisational skills, kept rebellion loyal to HVIII and peaceful, could communicate with commons and nobility, idealism clouded judgement