Tyrone

• Causes of the Rebellion

  English plantation in Ulster, Tyrone's grievances, Grievances of other Ulster Lords, Mistakes of English Gov
• Causes: English plantation in Ulster

  Sussex fortified Pale, English gov tried to establish councils to govern Connaught 1569 and Munster 1571, Ulster controlled by O'Neill clan, English plantation in Ulster failed but violence spiralled
• Causes: Tyrone's grievances


  Tyrone prepared work with English previously, Gov tried to assert more power in Ulster, Tyrone tried marriage alliance with Bagenal's daughter, Bagenal refused but married anyway
• Causes: Grievances of other Ulster Lords

  Hugh Roe O'Donnell imprisoned in Dublin Castle, Hugh Maguire resentful about English intrusion in Fermaugh
• Plantations in Connaught


  Accepted by some landowners but resisted by O'Donnell and O'Neill

  1574: 200 members of O'Neill clan massacred

  1575: 500 O'Donnells killed
• Causes: Mistakes of English Gov


  Direct intervention from English led to unsuccessful rebellion in Munster 1569 and 1579, 775 english settlers in Munster caused resentment, Maguire attacked English officials in Sligo
• Support for Tyrone: Support in Ireland

  1595: led army of 1,000 cavalry, 4,000 musketmen, 1,000 pikeman, Irishmen left English army to join Tyrone, Leinster Munster and Connaught all joined
• Support for Tyrone: Growth

  1596: had 6,000 footmen and 1,200 cavalry
• Support for Tyrone: Spanish Support


  1596: Spanish Armada sent to Ireland, 100 ships dispersed by wind so returned to Spain
• Support for Tyrone: Why did Phillip support Tyrone

  Hoped it would encourage Elizabeth to withdraw troops from Netherlands
• Support for Tyrone:Spanish arrival in Ireland

  1601: Arrived in Kinsale with 3,400 men, Lord Mountjoy stopped with meeting up with Tyrone
• When was the Battle of Clontibret?

  1595, led by Bagenal
• Battle of Clontibret: How many English forces?

  1,100 men, 1,600 came to support but were in bad condition
• Battle of Clontibret: Monaghan Castle

  1495: Began to besiege castle, Bagenal marched to help but ambushed by Tyrone's men, reached castle with few supplies, ambushed on return, 31 dead
• Truces?


  Tyrone agreed to pay damage and was allowed to rule Ulster, but negotiations broke down and Tyrone began talking to Spanish
• Rewards?


  Tyrone rewarded supporters by giving titles e.g James FitzThomas made Earl of Desmond
• When was the Battle of Yellow Ford?

  1598, led by Lord Burgh
• Battle of Yellow Ford: English Mistakes

  Burgh outnumbered by Tyrone, fortifications along Blackwater River, only 150 men at Blackwater
• Battle of Yellow Ford: English Loss

  English artillery got stuck on journey there, Bagenal and 800 men killed
• Battle of Yellow Ford: Collapse of Munster Plantation


  Irishmen in Munster rebelled, 3,000 settlers faced uprising from tenants, Elizabeth sent 6,000 men, Earl of Essex made Lord Deputy
• Battle of Curlew Pass

  O'Connor captured at Collooney Castle, Clifford marched with 1,500 men
• Battle of Curlew Pass: English Losses

  1599: Ambushed by Irish, Clifford and 1/3 army killed, O'Connor forced to surrender
• Battle of Curlew Pass: Essex and Tyrone


  Essex reached Louth, outnumbered by Tyrone, negotiated in Private, rebels allowed to occupy all lands they possessed
• Role of Sir Henry Bagenal


  Family had estates in Ulster so personal fued between him and Tyrone
• Bagenal's concerns and solutions for Ireland

  1586: Took grievances to Court, concerned about Tyrone's power, recommended division of Tyrone's lands and for Ulster to have president
• Failures of Bagenal


  Was not successful military tactician, defeated at Clontibret and Yellow Ford, provoked Tyrone to rebel
• Role of Florence McCarthy

  Dominant in Munster, could muster 5,000 men, Catholic and accused of having Spanish links, arrested but returned to Ireland 1593
• McCarthy's tactics


  Negotiated with Tyrone and English, allowed some of Tyrone's men onto his land, continued to express loyalty to Elizabeth
• McCarthy's role in Munster


  1598-1601: didn't commit troops to Tyrone or English during Munster fights, arrested and imprisoned in England 1601
• Role of the Earl of Essex


  Lacked skills as military leader, strategic decisions poor (split up largest army Elizabeth had ever sent), campaigns wore out troops, talked to Tyrone in private, left Ireland 1599 against orders of Queen
• Role of Lord Mountjoy

  Arrived in Ireland 1600, truce expired, Tyrone marched to Munster with 2,000 men, Mountjoy had 13,000 well equipped men, helped by George Carew, brought rebellion in Munster to an end
• Battle of Kinsale


  1601: Spanish arrived but cut off from Tyrone by Mountjoy, Mountjoy besieged Kinsale with 7,000 men
• Battle of Kinsale: Tyrone's actions

  1601: Arrived in Kinsale with 6,500 men, organised joint attack with Spanish
• Battle of Kinsale: Mountjoy's actions

  Launched suprise attack, Irish army scattered, Spanish didn't join, Tyrone retreated to Ulster, Spanish troops surrendered
• Siege of Dunboy


  1602: Carew organised siege, MacGeohagen refused to surrender, Carew built up English defences
• Siege of Dunboy: Attacks

  1602: English open fire on castle, MacGeohagen wounded, defenders trapped in vaults, rebels surrendered
• Repression after Dunboy


  58 defenders executed, 1603: Tyrone submitted to Mountjoy, pardoned and recognised as Chief Lord of Ulster
• Costs to the English Gov

  Had income of £300,000 per annum, couldn't maintain wars in spain
• How much were English forces in Netherlands costing?

  £100,000 per year
• How much had Elizabeth spent of campaigns in Ulster?

  £300,000 by 1597