10 Forests and Forest Land Resources, Part 2

• Sustainable Forestry

  • From the perspective of the landowner or the concession holder
  • When to harvest
  • When to replant
  • When to convert
  • Efficiency only sometimes results in sustainable outcomes; some are inequitable
  • Sustainable outcomes:
  • When forests are protected, such that perpetual harvest is feasible
  • Limit harvests to growth or economic sustained yield, maintaining the asset value (of the standing forest)
  • One approach: plantation forestry
  • Challenge: resilience can weaken in large plantation areas
  • Biodiversity can be compromised
• Public policy approaches

  • Concessionaires should pay the total cost for their rights to harvest publicly controlled lands, including compensating for damage to the forests surrounding the trees and areas of interest.
  • Voluntary resettlement: The amount of land transferred to squatters should not be a multiple of the cleared forest's amount.
  • The rights of indigenous peoples should be respected.
  • Enlisting the power of consumers in the cause of sustainable forestry. Establish of standards, certifiers, certificates. Forest Stewardship Council Certificates
• External costs that transcend national boundaries

  • Biodiversity: migratory species and gene pools
  • biodiversity offsets;
  • International conventions: e.g. Ramsar-wetlands
  • Royalty payments by pharmaceuticals
  • Climate change damage:
  • IPCC, carbon credits, carbon markets, National Determined Contribution
  • Loss and Damage issues
  • Cross-boundary siltation payments by source country
  • Acid rain; Transport of Hazardous substances (Basel convention)
  • Poverty, ecological decline, political conflict and migration: direct assistance; Debt for nature swap
  • Conservation easements and land trusts
• Quiz: Biodiversity offsets

  A) Jurong Island

  B) Hydroelectric Dam

  
• Quiz: International conventions to address cross-boundary externalities

  A) Framework Convention

  B) Biological Diversity

  
• Quiz: Carbon credits paid for by bilateral agreements

  A) Japan-Cambodia

  B) Green and Sustainable

  
• Quiz: Carbon Markets

  A) EU

  B) UK ETS

  
• Quiz: Debt for nature swap

  A) Philippines

  B) Indonesia