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• The skeletal system offers protection to the brain, heart, and lungs
• Bones of the skeletal system

  • Cranium
  • Clavicle
  • Ribs
  • Sternum
  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
  • Carpals
  • Metacarpals
  • Phalanges
  • Vertebrae
  • Scapula
  • Pelvis
  • Femur
  • Patella
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Talus
  • Tarsals
  • Metatarsals
  • Phalanges (toes)
• Types of bones


  • Flat bones (offer protection)
  • Long bones (for gross movements)
  • Short bones (for small precise movements)
  • Irregular bones (for structure, stability, and spinal cord protection)
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Movement
  • Protection
  • Structural shape
  • Support
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
• Tendons


  Attach muscle to bone to reduce movement
• Ligaments


  Attach bone to bone to give joints greater stability
• Synovial membrane


  Produces synovial fluid to lubricate joints and reduce friction
• Bursa


  Fluid-filled sac that helps ease movement
• Cartilage


  Soft connective tissue at the end of bones that reduces friction
• Joint capsule


  Surrounds and encloses a synovial joint to stabilize, strengthen, and support it
• Types of synovial joints

  • Ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
  • Hinge (elbow, knee, ankle)
• Ball and socket joints


  • Allow the greatest range of movement (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation)
• Hinge joints


  • Allow only flexion and extension
• Plantar flexion


  Pointing toes towards the ground
• Dorsiflexion


  Lifting toes towards the knee
• Muscles of the body

  • Pectorals
  • Deltoids
  • Rotator cuff
  • Biceps
  • Triceps
  • Abdominals
  • Hip flexors
  • Gluteals
  • Quadriceps
  • Hamstrings
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Latissimus dorsi
• Agonist


  Muscle that contracts and is the prime mover
• Antagonist


  Muscle that relaxes and lengthens
• Types of muscle contractions

  • Isotonic (concentric, eccentric)
  • Isometric
• Concentric contractions happen during the upwards phase of a movement, eccentric contractions happen during the downwards phase
• Frontal plane


  Divides the body into front and back
• Transverse plane


  Divides the body into upper and lower
• Sagittal plane


  Divides the body into left and right
• Axes


  Imaginary lines around which the body rotates
• Lever systems consist of a fulcrum, resistance, and effort
• Oxygen moves from the alveoli to the capillaries down a concentration gradient, and CO2 moves from the capillaries to the alveoli
• Features of alveoli


  • Great in number and large in size
  • Covered in capillaries for efficient gas exchange
  • One cell thick for rapid diffusion
• Lung volumes


  • Tidal volume
  • Inspiratory reserve volume
  • Expiratory reserve volume
  • Residual volume
• Mechanics of breathing


  1. Diaphragm moves down, intercostal muscles contract to increase chest cavity size during inhalation

  2. Diaphragm relaxes and moves up, intercostal muscles relax to decrease chest cavity size during exhalation
• Arteries


  • Small lumen, thick muscular walls, carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary artery)
• Veins


  • Large lumen, thin walls, contain valves, carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart (except pulmonary vein)
• Capillaries


  • Very small lumen, one cell thick walls, site of gas exchange
• Vasoconstriction


  Blood vessels become narrower to reduce blood flow
• Vasodilation


  Blood vessels widen to allow more blood and oxygen flow
• Chambers of the heart

  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
• Vasoconstriction


  Blood vessels become more narrow to reduce blood flow
• Chambers of the heart

  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
• Cardiac output


  Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute
• Stroke volume


  Amount of blood ejected from the heart per contraction
• Cardiac output


  Heart rate x Stroke volume