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• Knowledge - what you need to revise for this unit

  • How the Cold War Developed 1943-56
  • Three Cold War Crises
  • Why did the Cold War end? 1979-91
• How the Cold War Developed 1943-56

  • Big Three Conferences: Yalta, Tehran & Potsdam
  • The Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan
  • Soviet Control of Eastern Europe - Cominform and Comecon
  • Berlin Airlift and Blockade 1948-49
  • Formation of NATO, Warsaw Pact and arms race
  • Hungarian Uprising 1956
• Three Cold War Crises

  • Berlin refugee crisis and 1958-61
  • Building of the Berlin Wall August 1961
  • Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs 1959-61
  • Cuban missile crisis October 1963
  • Czechoslovakia: Dubcek and Prague Spring
  • Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968
• Why did the Cold War end? 1979-91

  • Détente in the 1970s: Helsinki Agreement, SALT and Apollo-Soyuz space mission
  • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and collapse of Détente: Carter Doctrine
  • Reagan and the Second Cold War: Evil Empire speech and Star Wars
  • Reagan and Gorbachev's changing relationship 1985-89: Summit conferences and INF
  • Gorbachev - Perestroika and Glasnost, and loosening of Soviet control
  • Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989, collapse of Soviet power 1991 and end of Warsaw Pact
• Total Recall - How to revise: the 4Rs

  • Reading – through your revision guides (in a quiet space with no distractions)
  • Writing – taking notes from your revision guides
  • Remembering – testing what DND you can remember
  • Recalling – applying knowledge recall to exam questions
• Truman Doctrine


  USA's new foreign policy of containment - stop spread of communism
• The Truman Doctrine was a reversal of the USA's isolationist policy before the Second World War
• USA's responsibility


  Protect the world, divided by opposing ideologies - capitalism and communism
• The Truman Doctrine marked the end of the Grand Alliance and showed there would be no future cooperation between East and West
• When remembering you can write your notes on a flash card with questions about the DND on the other side. You can then test yourself, or get friends and family to test your recall.
• The Marshall Plan of 1947 put forward $13billion of American money to help rebuild Europe
• Truman saw war ravaged Europe as a "breeding ground" for Communism


  He thought it was important to help countries to become prosperous again
• Truman believed he could weaken the attraction of communism by sharing or exporting American prosperity
• European countries had to agree to trade freely with America (no tariffs)
• Sixteen countries, including Britain and France welcomed the Marshall Plan, seeing it as a way to rebuild their economies and defeat communism at the same time
• Stalin refused Marshall Aid and banned Eastern European countries from accepting it
• Stalin called the Marshall Plan 'dollar imperialism'
• Greece was under attack from Communist rebels and asked the USA for help

  1947
• Truman offered arms, supplies and money to Greece
• Communism in Greece was defeated by 1949 following the civil war
• Cominform


  The Communist Information Bureau – 1947 - a political union that represented all the Communist Parties in Europe under the control of the USSR
• Cominform ensured the loyalty of East European Governments
• Government ministers and employees were investigated, sacked and sent to prison if they were not loyal to Stalin
• Cominform consolidated the USSR's control of Eastern Europe
• The first Cominform Conference rejected the Marshall Plan
• In France, 2million workers went on strike demanding the French Government reject the Marshall Plan
• Comecon


  The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 1949 - an economic alliance between Eastern Europe and the USSR
• Comecon provided a communist alternative to the Marshall Plan
• Comecon would limit American influence in Eastern Europe and ensure that the benefits of economic recovery in Eastern Europe remained in the USSR's sphere of influence and its people would be denied access to the prosperity of the West
• By 1947 the three western zones of Germany, occupied by the USA, Britain and France were operating as one zone known as Trizonia
• By 1948 the Western Allies agreed to set up a German assembly (parliament) and introduced a new currency for the western zones of Germany called the Deutschmark
• Stalin believed they were the first steps to creating a permanently divided Germany
• Stalin feared that the wealth in Trizonia could be used to wage war on the USSR
• Stalin set up a military blockade around West Berlin to prevent the establishment of a separate state in West Germany


  June 1948
• Stalin closed all land routes – road, rail and canals between Trizonia and West Berlin
• Stalin's plan was to cut western Germany off from its capital in Berlin
• Stalin hoped this would prove that a divided Germany could not work in practice
• President Truman responded with the 'Berlin Airlift'
• Allied planes transported supplies to West Berlin around the clock
• Up to 170,000 tonnes of supplies transported each month