UPCAT

• Noun


  A word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea
• Proper Nouns


  Names of specific people, places, and organizations
• Common Nouns


  Words that refer to general things
• Collective Nouns


  Words that refer to groups of people, animals, or things
• Concrete noun

  something that is perceived by the senses; something that is physical or real.
• abstract noun

  something that cannot be perceived by the senses.
• Collective nouns

  take a singular verb, as they refer to the collection of people or things they identify as one entity
• singular noun

  refers to one person, place, thing, or idea and requires a singular verb.
• plural noun

  refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea and requires a plural verb.
• Concrete and abstract common nouns

  can be further classified as either countable or uncountable. 
• Countable nouns

  these are nouns that can be counted, even if the resulting number would be extraordinarily high (like the number of humans in the world)
• Countable nouns

  can be singular or plural and can be used with numbers and modifiers like a/an, the, some, any, a few, and many
• Uncountable nouns, or mass nouns

  are nouns that are impossible to count, whether because they name intangible concepts (e.g., information, animal husbandry, wealth), collections of things that are considered as wholes (e.g., jewelry, equipment, the working class), or homogeneous physical substances (e.g., milk, sand, air). 
• possessive case 

  shows the relationship of a noun to other words in a sentence. That relationship can be ownership, possession, occupancy, a personal relationship, or another kind of association. 
• The possessive of a singular noun is formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter s.
• The possessive of a plural noun that ends in -s or -es is formed by adding just an apostrophe.
• The possessive of an irregular plural noun is formed by adding ’s.
• When a singular noun ends in the letter s or z, the general rule of adding –’s often applies.
• Nouns

  take on different roles based on their relationships to the rest of the words in a sentence.
• Nouns as subjects

  The subject of a sentence is the person, place, or thing that is doing or being or experiencing whatever is described by the verb of the sentence.
• Nouns as objects

  Nouns can also be objects of a transitive verb in a sentence. An object can be either a direct object or an indirect object.
• direct object 

  a noun that receives the action described by the verb.
• indirect object 

  a noun that receives direct object.
• subject complement

  normally follows a linking verb such as be, become, or seem and gives more information about the subject of the sentence.
• object complement

  provides more information about the direct object of a sentence with a transitive verb.
• Nouns as appositives

  immediately follows another noun in order to further define or identify it. You can also say that the second noun is in apposition to the first noun.
• Appositive noun

  follows another noun or noun phrase in apposition to it; that is, it provides information that further identifies or defines it
• Appositives

  can be restrictive or nonrestrictive
• Non-Restrictive Appositives


  Set off with commas, no change in sentence meaning, and the sentence would still be grammatically correct without it.
• Restrictive appositive

  gives information that’s essential to identifying the preceding noun phrase. It’s not set off with commas.
• Nouns as modifiers

  also known as noun adjuncts or attributive nouns

  are nouns that modify other nouns by describing or restricting them, much like adjectives. They clarify or specify the other noun and are used to make written and spoken language more descriptive and precise.