FINALS

• CHILD WITH DISABILITY


  This implies that the child has disability
• DISABLED CHILD


  The child is disabled by the circumstances, including people's attitudes and resources, rather than one's physical disabilities
• PHYSICAL DISABILITY


  A label given to a vast range of difficulties that have to do with physical functioning
• Physical disability or orthopedic impairment could be caused by congenital anomaly, including clubfoot; impairments caused by disease such as bone tuberculosis; and impairments from other causes such as cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns
• Physical difficulties


  Turn into a disability if it prevents a person, thus disabling one, from participating in society in general and in school in particular
• Other health impairments


  Refer to conditions of having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, which could limit one's participation in education
• Other health impairments could be chronic (i.e., long-lasting and most often permanent condition that could result to special education) or acute (i.e., condition of limited duration but nevertheless could produce severe debilitating symptoms) health problem (e.g., asthma, attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), diabetes, epilepsy, heart condition, among others, which negatively affects one's school performance
• Neuromotor impairment


  Involves the central nervous system, which affects one's ability to move, use, feel or control certain body parts
• Gross motor (physical) skills


  • Require whole body movement, involve the large muscles of the body, and are used to perform everyday functions, including standing, walking, running, and sitting upright as well as eye-hand coordination skills
• Epilepsy or seizure disorder occurs when abnormal electrical discharges in the brain cause a disturbance of movement, sensation, behavior or consciousness
• Possible causes for epilepsy

  • Cerebral palsy
  • Infections of the brain or central nervous system
  • Metabolic disorders
  • Lesion due to scar tissue from a head injury
  • High fever
  • Interruption in blood supply to the brain
  • Shaken-baby syndrome
• Among the conditions that can trigger seizures are fatigue, excitement, anger, surprise, hyperventilation, hormonal changes, withdrawal from alcohol or drugs, and exposure to certain patterns of light, sound, or touch
• Different kinds of seizures

  • Generalized tonic-clonic seizure or grand mal seizure
  • Absence seizure or petit mal
  • Complex partial seizure or psychomotor seizure
  • Simple partial seizure
• Generalized tonic-clonic seizure or grand mal seizure

  Most common, muscles become stiff, one loses consciousness and falls to the floor, involves violent shaking of the body while muscles contract and relax alternately
• Absence seizure or petit mal


  Less severe but occurs more frequently, involves a brief loss of consciousness, lasting from a few seconds to half a minute or so, it is possible for one to be unaware of this seizure
• Complex partial seizure or psychomotor seizure

  Manifests as a brief period of inappropriate or purposeless activity, e.g. smacking one's lips, walking about aimlessly, or shouting
• Simple partial seizure


  Involves sudden jerking motion while consciousness is retained, one may experience an aura or a warning sensation before the seizures occur
• Asthma


  A chronic lung disease, its symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing, an asthma attack is usually caused by allergens, irritants, exercise, or emotional stress
• Cerebral Palsy


  A disorder of movement and posture, a permanent condition that results from having a lesion in the brain or abnormality in brain growth, an individual who has cerebral palsy may lose control over one's arms, legs, or speech, symptoms include disturbances in voluntary motor functions such as paralysis, extreme weakness, and lack of coordination, involuntary convulsions, and other motor disorders
• Terms used to describe the location of limb involvement in cerebral palsy

  • Monoplegia - only one limb is affected
  • Hemiplegia - two limbs on same side of the body are involved
  • Triplegia - three limbs are affected
  • Quadriplegia - all four limbs are involved and movement of the trunk may also be impaired
  • Paraplegia - only legs are impaired
  • Diplegia - primarily involves the legs, with less severe involvement of the arms
  • Double hemiplegia - primarily involves the arms, with less severe involvement of the legs
• Spina Bifida


  The most common neural tube defect, which refers to congenital malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or vertebrae, where the vertebrae do not enclose the spinal cord, thus, a portion of the spinal cord and nerves controlling muscles and feeling in the lower part of the body fails to develop normally
• Muscular Dystrophy


  A group of inherited diseases marked by progressive atrophy or wasting away of the body's muscles
• Types of Muscular Dystrophy

  • Duchenne and Becker types - most common and severe type, affects only boys during the ages 2 and 3, affects the shoulder, throat, upper arm and hips muscles
  • Emery-Dreifuss Type - usually show up at about 10 years of age, affects the shoulder, upper arm and calf muscles
  • Limb Girdle Type - equally affect males and females, hips, shoulders, upper arm, and back muscles is affected, symptoms begin between 8 and 15 years of age
  • Facioscapulohumeral Type - affects the muscle of the face, shoulders, upper arm, and the lower legs, usually appear before 20 years of age
  • Oculopharyngeal Type - causes weakness in the muscles around the upper eyelids and part of throat, may affect vision and cause problems swallowing and talking, begins typically after age 40
• Spinal Cord Injuries


  Usually caused by lesions due to a penetrating injury, stretching of the vertebral column, fracture of the vertebrae, or compression of the spinal cord, common causes are motor vehicle accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports
• Classification of Physical Disabilities

  • Physiological impairments
  • Functional impairments
  • Mobility impairments
• Physical disabilities that could limit a person's ability to walk and move could be fluctuating or intermittent, chronic, progressive or stable, visible or invisible
• Etiology of Mobility Impairment

  • Present at birth
  • Due to illness or physical injury
• Mobility impairment could range from limitations in stamina to paralysis, some are due to spinal cord injury, depending on which area is damaged
• Other Causes of Mobility Impairment

  • Amputation
  • Arthritis
  • Back disorder
  • Motor dysfunctions
  • Neuromuscular disorders
  • Fibromyalgia
• It is difficult to come up with a standard description of characteristics of learners with difficulty walking and moving due to health impairments, physical disabilities, and neurological conditions since their features and health conditions vary widely
• Learners with difficulty walking and moving have varied educational needs and most of these needs relate to physical access, access to or lack of technological aids, manipulation of equipment, classroom and school program participation, limited work stations, proper seating accommodations and not meeting class schedules due to timely travel
• These learners may get affected through: course requirements not suitable to their abilities, limited time to move between venues, tiredness from transporting to places, inaccessible facilities in comfort rooms, limited pathway space, inaccessible ramps or lack of unsuitable desks for writing, frequent absences due to hospitalization, and fewer opportunities to interact with classmates
• Accommodation


  If it helps the learner to complete the same work at the same level as his peers
• Modification


  If it changes the work, or the work is completed at a different level
• Some learners may require simple to complex specialized instructions and related services with expanded core curriculum where physical independence, special health care routines, using assistive technologies, communication, self-awareness and social maturation, and mastery of daily-living skills are taught
• Physical Therapists (PTs)


  Licensed professionals that use treatment techniques to help promote mobility, reduce pain, restore function and prevent further disabilities of learners with difficulty walking and moving
• Occupational Therapists (OTs)


  Professionals that determine the learners' goals in life and help them perform daily activities such as self-help, employment, recreation, communication, and aspects of daily living (e.g. taking a bath, hygiene, eating) to reach their goals
• Other Specialists that give related services to the learners with difficulty in walking and moving

  • Speech-Language Pathologists
  • Adapted Physical Educators/Teachers
  • Recreational Therapist
  • School Nurses
  • Prosthetist
  • Orientation and Mobility Specialist
  • Counselors
• Environmental Modifications


  • Have classrooms located in more accessible building levels
  • Relocate activities to more spacious area
  • In grouping a
• School nurses


  Registered nurses (RNs) who specialize in providing healthcare services within the school setting