Bonding

• Dot and cross


  1 Represent each atom and its outer shell electrons

  2 Place the first 4 electrons

  3 If there are any more electrons pair them up with the 4 electrons

  4 to show covalent bonds each atom is either a dot or cross with the shared electrons usually between them

  5 unpaired electrons join to form a covalent bond
• What is a dative/co-ordinate bond?

  A type of covalent bond where one atom donates both electrons to the shared pair.
• How to represent a dative bond

  dot and cross-two crosses or two dots

  stick/displayed formula-arrow from atom that donates the pair of electrons
• How is a dative bond formed

  Dative bond donator and acceptor needed.