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Phonetics
Modification of phonemes
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Cards (21)
Phonemes
The
distinct sounds in
a language
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Phonemes change when
spoken in sentences
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These changes make speech
easier
and more
efficient
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These modifications happen not only between words but also within
words
and
morphemes
(the smallest meaningful units)
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Main types of sound changes
Assimilation
Accommodation
Vowel reduction
Elision
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Assimilation
A consonant changes due to a neighboring
consonant
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Regressive Assimilation
The
first sound
is
affected
by
the one that follows
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Progressive Assimilation
The
first sound
affects the
one that follows
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Types of Assimilation
Obligatory Assimilation
Non-obligatory Assimilation
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Obligatory Assimilation
Happens in
all speech styles
and
must be learned
when mastering a language
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Non-obligatory Assimilation
Occurs in
casual, rapid speech
and
varies
based on speaking rate and style
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Degrees of Assimilation
Partial Assimilation
Complete Assimilation
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Partial Assimilation
Only some features
of the phoneme are affected
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Complete Assimilation
All features
of the phoneme are affected
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Examples of Assimilation
Place of Articulation Changes
Manner of Articulation Changes
Voicing Changes
Degree of Noise Changes
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Accommodation
Consonants change due to
neighboring vowels
and vice versa
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Vowel Reduction
Vowels become
weaker
(shorter or less distinct) in
unstressed
positions
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Elision
Complete loss of sounds
, both vowels and consonants
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Elision Examples
Loss of [h
] in
pronouns and auxiliary verbs
(e.g., "he" becomes 'e)
Loss of [l]
when
preceded by [ɔː
] (e.g., "already")
Loss of sounds in
consonant clusters
(e.g., "next day")
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Linking [r]
Pronounced when a word
ending in [r] is followed by a vowel
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Intrusive [r]
Inserted even where
no [r] is in the spelling
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