UT 1

• Geocentrism


  The belief that the Earth is fixed at the center of the Universe
• Ptolemaic Model of Universe


  Proposed by Claudius Ptolemy around 150 BCE
• Claudius Ptolemy was a Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and astrologer
• Claudius Ptolemy used Babylonian observations and Babylonian lunar theory in understanding the universe
• Almagests


  Ptolemy's "cosmological almagests", also called as the "mathematical syntaxes"
• The Almagests were edited by Hypatia
• Almagests


  • Stated that the heavens move like a sphere
  • The earth and the heavenly bodies are spheres
  • Earth is the center of the universe
• Heliocentrism


  The Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System
• Aristarchus of Samos proposed the revolutionary hypothesis of heliocentrism
• Nicole d'Oresme, a Philosopher Astronomer, wrote "The Book of Heaven and Earth" supporting the heliocentric view of the universe
• Nicolaus Copernicus reintroduced the concept of heliocentric view with his book "De Revolutionubus Orbium Colestium" or "The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres"
• Nicolaus Copernicus' theories


  • The earth is not the center of the universe
  • The center of the universe is near the sun
  • The earth-sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars
• Tycho Brahe proposed the geoheliocentric view, fusing concepts from geocentric and heliocentric views
• Tycho Brahe had a fully funded research island with two observatory castles, the Uraniborg and the Stjerneborg
• In 1956, at age 20, Tycho Brahe lost part of his nose in a sword fight with his third cousin, Manderup Parberg, over a mathematical equation
• Johannes Kepler wrote the book "Astronomia Nova" where he proposed three laws of planetary motion
• Galileo Galilei enhanced the scientific instrument of the telescope and used it to provide more evidence supporting the heliocentric view
• The Copernican intellectual revolution led to the birth of modern astronomy
• The Copernican intellectual revolution changed the way we view the world and the universe
• In the early 18th hundreds, the English society was moving away from the traditional way of thinking about life, which was called "Natural Theology"
• William Paley wrote the book "Natural Theology" which inspired Charles Darwin
• Natural Selection


  The principle that the living beings compete over resources and the most fit for a certain region survives
• Charles Darwin collected different fossils and compared them, which led him to think about the possibilities of ancestral lineage of the species
• Charles Darwin's most notable experience was his travel in the Galapagos island, where he took accounts on iguanas, mockingbirds, thrushes, tortoise, and the different finches
• Charles Darwin became obsessed with finches and collected them, and the people stated that different species seemed to vary according to island
• Charles Darwin published his book "The Origin of Species by means Natural Selection" in 1859
• Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection


  • The natural selection modifies the current population where the fittest survive and reproduces, then passing their traits
  • The long beaks of finches get more food and survive when scarce happens, and the unfit species die, then the population diverges into new species
• Alfred Russel Wallace was inspired by both Malthusians essay on the principle of population and Darwin's voyage of the beagle
• Alfred Russel Wallace coined the term "self-acting process", where the fittest would survive
• Alfred Russel Wallace invented the principle of biogeography, a field where the biological species and geological formations together
• In 1864, Herbert Spencer re-coined the term "Natural Selection" as the "Survival of the Fittest"
• The Darwinian intellectual revolution challenged the "how" of life of living organisms
• Personality


  Distinctive and enduring characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving of an individual
• Psychoanalysis


  The psychoanalytic perspective introduced by Sigmund Freud
• Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory

  • The unconscious mind plays a vital role in the human personality
  • Our personality is shaped by the enduring conflict between our impulses to do whatever we feel like, and our restraint to control these urges
  • It is driven mostly by the sexual aggressive urges and social control, this is the pleasure principle
• Id


  The most aggressive structure of the mind, concerned with instant gratification of basic physical needs and urges, the unconscious mind
• Superego


  The most rule governed structure of the mind, concerned with social rules and morals, the conscience or the moral compass
• Ego


  The rational and pragmatic part of the personality that pacifies both id and superego
• Defense mechanisms


  Our defense mechanisms tied up mostly with our personalities, such as regression, repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement or denial
• Psychosexual theory


  The personality development is focused on the changing seat of sensual pleasure of an individual during childhood stages