Module 8

• Act


  defined only to human, an activity that is attributed to human being.
• HUMAN ACT


  refers to any activity, either external or mental that is performed by a person.
• mere acts of human


  do not make them responsible for their actions unless done with knowledge, freedom and voluntariness.
• Constituents of Human Act

  Knowledge

  Freedom

  Voluntariness
• Knowledge


  Once an act is done with knowledge of the agent, the act is deliberate, which means the agent is aware upon performing the act as well its consequences. Thus a deliberate act makes the person responsible.
• Freedom


  The person is neither forced nor compelled to do or not to do an act against the will, hence making the agent responsible as well.
• Voluntariness


  requires the presence of both knowledge and freedom of the agent. For a willful act to be executed, an agent must know and free to choose which act to perform or not to perform.
• feelings


  these help us to live every minute of our life Anger, sadness, happiness, fear, surprise and love are some of the most commonfeelings experienced by every human being.
• POSITIVE EMOTIONS


  are love, care, understanding, friendship, happiness, satisfaction, etc.,
• NEGATIVE EMOTIONS


  comprise anger, hate, envy, greed, frustration, etc.
• KANT


  philosophy of 'categorical imperative' conceives humans as having the ability to act on purely conscious moral reasoning and act according to

  universal moral imperatives, a universal principle that compels all individuals to act under the light of pure reason, a practical moral judgment that tells us what we are morally obliged to do.
• Hume 


  believed that morals are not derived from cognition but instead ar determined by moral sentiments: passions that we feel immediately which are akin to other bodily feelings such as hunger.
• Our environment, family background, education, life experiences and everything related to us play a very important role in keeping our emotions

  positive or negative.
• MORAL DECISION-MAKING


  is a choice made based on a person's ethics, manners, character and what they believe is proper behavior. These decisions tend to not only affect their well-being, but also the well-being of others.
• Approaches to Moral Decision

  Utilitarian Approach

  Rights Approach

  Fairness/Justice Approach

  Common Good Approach

  Virtue Approach
• Utilitarian Approach


  What benefits and what harms will each course of action produce, and which alternative will

  lead to the best overall consequences? This question answers the dilemma of which option will produce the greatest benefits and least harm.
• Rights Approach


  The rights approach follows the belief that individuals have the ability to make their decisions freely. It believes that if the act does not respect everyone's moral rights, it is wrong to act.
• Fairness/Justice Approach


  This approach gives the individual the opportunity to reflect if the action is fair to the people.
• Aristotle


  who said that "equals should be treated equally and unequal unequally”
• Common Good Approach


  This question helps drive our choice to decide if the action taken will be good for ourselves and the community It opens the door to other questions related to the type of society we want to become and how we achieve that. Approach regards all individuals as part of a larger community
• Virtue Approach


  This question reflects what kind of person you should be and what it will do to your character.