mod 7

• Motivation


  The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met
• Extrinsic motivation


  Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person
• Extrinsic motivation


  • Giving a child money for every 95 rating received on a report card
• Intrinsic motivation


  A person performs an action because the act itself is fun, rewarding, challenging, or satisfying in some internal manner
• Instincts


  The biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals
• Instinct approach


  Approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals
• Need


  A requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism
• Drive


  A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension
• Drive-reduction theory


  Approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal
• Primary drives


  Drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst
• Secondary (acquired) drives


  Learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval
• Homeostasis


  The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state
• Need for achievement (nAch)

  A need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals not only realistic ones, but also challenging ones
• Need for affiliation (nAff)


  The need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others
• Need for power (nPow)


  The need to have control or influence over others
• Stimulus motive


  A motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity
• Arousal theory


  Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
• Yerkes Dodson law


  Law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high
• Sensation seeker


  Someone who needs more arousal than the average person
• Incentives


  Things that attract or lure people into action
• Incentive approaches


  Theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties
• Expectancy value theories


  Incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding their beliefs, their values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  First humanistic theory. Maslow proposed that there are several levels of needs that a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfillment

  
• Self-actualization


  According to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential
• Self-actualized individuals


  • King, Einstein, Mother Theresa
• Self-determination theory (SDT)


  Theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action
• Autonomy


  Need to be in control of one's own behavior and goals
• Competence


  Need to be able to master the challenging tasks of one's life
• Relatedness


  Need to feel a sense of belonging, intimacy, and security in relationships with others
• Insulin


  A hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
• Glucagons


  Hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
• Leptin


  Hormone identified as one of the factors that controls appetite
• Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)


  May be involved in stopping the eating response when glucose levels go up. If damaged, the person will keep on eating
• Lateral hypothalamus (LH)


  Influence the onset of eating when insulin levels go up. Damage to this area caused rats to stop eating to the point of starvation
• Weight set point


  The particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)


  Rate at which the body burns energy when a person is resting and is directly tied to the set point
• Social components of hunger

  • Social cues for when meals are to be eaten
  • Cultural customs
  • Food preferences
  • Use of food as a comfort device or escape from unpleasantness
• Obesity


  A condition in which the body weight of a person is 20 percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person's height (actual percents vary across definitions)
• Anorexia Nervosa


  A condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs
• Bulimia


  A condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and "purging," or deliberately vomiting after eating