Chapter 2

• Keyboard


  A common input device that allows users to enter data or commands into a computer.
• Mouse


  A pointing device that allows users to interact with a computer by clicking on icons, buttons, and other graphical elements.
• Scanner


  A device that captures images, text, or other data from physical documents and transfers them to a computer.
• Webcam


  A digital camera that captures video and photos, often used for video conferencing and online meetings.
• Microphone


  A device that captures sound waves and converts them into a digital signal that can be processed by a computer.
• Monitor


  An output device that displays visual information, such as text, images, and videos.
• Speaker


  A device that produces sound waves, allowing users to hear audio, music, and voice commands.
• Printer


  A device that prints physical copies of documents, images, and data onto paper or other materials.
• Plotter


  A device that prints large-format documents and designs onto paper or other materials.
• Projector


  A device that projects visual information, such as images, videos, and presentations, onto a screen or wall.
• Temperature Sensor


  A sensor that measures temperature and thermal conditions.
• Accelerometer


  A sensor that measures acceleration, vibration, and tilt.
• Microphone


  A sensor that captures sound waves and audio signals.
• Proximity Sensor


  A sensor that detects proximity, distance, and presence.
• GPS Sensor


  A sensor that provides location and navigation data.
• Infrared Sensor


  A sensor that detects infrared radiation and heat.
• Error Detection and Correction in Sensors

  A set of techniques used to detect and correct errors in sensor readings, including analog-to-digital conversion, noise reduction, and error correction.
• Sensor Integration


  A process that combines multiple sensors and their data streams, using buses, networks, and software interfaces to integrate sensors and improve system accuracy.
• Definition of a Sensor


  A device that detects or measures a physical, chemical, or biological phenomenon and converts the information into an electrical signal.
• Types of Sensors


  Sensors can be classified into chemical, biological, optical, and other types.
• How Sensors Work


  Sensors measure a phenomenon, convert it into an electrical signal, transmit the signal, and process the data to extract meaningful information.
• Direct Data Entry Devices


  Devices that directly enter data into a computer or electronic system without manual input.
• Examples of Direct Data Entry Devices


  Scanners, magnetic stripe readers, barcode scanners, optical mark readers, and smart cards are examples of direct data entry devices.
• Advantages of Direct Data Entry Devices

  Speed, accuracy, efficiency, and convenience are the main advantages of direct data entry devices.
• Disadvantages of Direct Data Entry Devices

  Limited use, initial cost, training requirements, and maintenance needs are some of the disadvantages of direct data entry devices.
• Applications of Direct Data Entry Devices

  Inventory management, healthcare, financial services, and manufacturing are some of the industries and applications that use direct data entry devices.
• Education


  Automated grading, attendance tracking, and student data management for educational institutions and online learning platforms.
• Retail


  Point-of-sale systems, inventory management, and customer loyalty programs for retail stores and e-commerce platforms.
• Financial Services


  Automated transaction data entry, minimize errors, and enhance customer experience for banking, insurance, and payment processing industries.
• Healthcare


  Electronic medical records, patient data management, and automated patient registration.
• Transportation


  Automated passenger counters, fare collection systems, and route optimization for public transportation and logistics companies.
• Printers


  Output devices that print text and images on paper or other materials, commonly used in offices, schools, and homes.
• Plotters


  Large-format output devices that print large-scale graphics, maps, and designs on paper or film, often used in architecture, engineering, and graphic design.
• Plotting Systems


  Computer-controlled systems that plot precise coordinates and designs on paper or film, commonly used in engineering, surveying, and geography.
• Display Devices


  Output devices that display text, images, and videos on screens, such as monitors, TVs, and projectors, used in various applications, including gaming, education, and entertainment.
• Scanners


  Output devices that capture images, documents, and other physical objects by digitizing them, used in various applications, including document scanning, graphics, and photography.
• Fax Machines


  Output devices that transmit and receive printed or digital documents, commonly used in offices, schools, and homes for secure and confidential communication.
• Future of Actuators


  Emerging Technologies, Advanced Materials, IoT, Artificial Intelligence, Increased Miniaturization.
• Real-World Applications of Actuators


  Industrial Automation, Medical Devices, Aerospace, Robotics, Automotive.
• Actuator


  A device or mechanism that produces a specific action or movement in response to an input signal or control, converting electrical or electronic signals into mechanical energy.