Wellbeing

• Economic well-being:

  • measure of how much money people have to sustain their standard of living

  Social well-being:

  • social condition of an individual or group and is related to psychological, spiritual, medical and economic factors
• Factors affecting social and economic well-being:

  1. M/C move to suburbs
  2. Deindustrialisation and urban decline
  3. Regeneration ~ to ↓ inequality and promote social mixing
  4. Regeneration ~ reinforces and promote inequality (London Docklands)
  5. Gentrification ~ ↓ inequality and encourage 'mixing
  6. Gentrification ~ create inequality and displacement
  7. Some central area e.g. Kensington and Chelsea are wealthy but next to areas poverty e.g. N Kensington (Grenfell)
  8. Immigration to inner city ~ diaspora of low-income groups
  9. White British W/C moved out to east end of London
• 1. M/C to suburbs

  • Rapidly expanding urban areas
  • London underground made commuting possible to and from central London for M/C
  • Affluent, educated, professionals, high house prices > employment, retail, services, housing
  • Leads to deindustrialisation and urban decline
• 2. Deindustrialisation and urban decline

  • W/C stayed central due to cheaper housing and lack of social mobility
  • Deindustrialisation > urban decline > globalisation and manufacturing
  • Factory closures e.g. Docklands
  • Urban decline > poor housing, unemployment, crime, poor health
• 3. Regeneration - ↓ inequality and promote 'mixing'

  • Increase QOL and living conditions > urban space, transport links, investment in education > increase attainment > job prospects > skills and qualifications
  • E.g. East Village - 30% affordable housing but still unaffordable for poorest
• 4. Regeneration - promote inequality (Docklands)

  • Regeneration of Docklands create new commercial hub - top down but didn't benefit neighbouring areas
  • Professionals and high salary jobs > accentuate differences
• 5. Gentrification - ↓ inequality and promote 'mixing'

  • Hackney/ Shoreditch - gentrification
• 6. Gentrification - create inequality and displacement

  • Affordability of new developments questionable
  • More inequality in gentrified areas
  • Some displaced to even poorer areas of London
• 7. Some central area e.g. Kensington and Chelsea are wealthy but next to areas poverty e.g. N Kensington (Grenfell)

  • In Kensington a man expected to live to 94, near Grenfell - 72
• 8. Immigration to inner city ~ diaspora of low-income groups

  • Ethnic groups came to a county as immigrants > experienced discrimination > only get low paid jobs, zero-hour contracts > only afford cheap housing > clustered in poorer areas
  • Some ethnic diasporas in suburban areas
• 9. White British W/C moved out to east end of London

  • Increase rents and property prices and immigration
  • More affordable 'white areas' further east - high levels of deprivation in areas on edge of London