random memorization

• Codominance - products of both genes are present in heterozygote
• Multiple alleles - one example is the ABO blood group system
• Incomplete dominance - the phenotype of the heterozygote differs from the phenotype of both homozygotes
• Epistasis - ability of a gene to mask the expression of another gene at a different locus.
• Complete dominance - phenotype of AA and Aa is the same.
• Complete Dominance - heterozygotes are identical to homozygous dominants.
• Overdominance - Heterozygotes exhibit a superior phenotype compared to either homozygous parents.
• Incomplete Dominance - heterozygotes are phenotypically intermediate between the two homozygous types.
• Codominance - heterozygotes exhibit a mixture of the phenotypic characters of both homozygotes instead of single gene expression.
• O. Hertwig - discovered that the nucleus is required in cell division and fertilization.
• E. Strasburger and W. Flemming - discovered that chromosomes are in the nucleus.
• Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri - proposed chromosome theory of inheritance.
• Friedrich Miescher - isolated nuclein from the nucleus.
• Avery, Macleod, McCarty - chemicals from heat-killed S cells were purified. The chemicals were tested to transform live R cells. The transforming agent was found to be DNA.
• Hershey and Chase - The DNA of phage was injected into the bacterial host, but the protein coat stayed outside. The viral DNA directed the host to replicate new phage viruses.
• Chargaff - In any DNA sample, the amount of adenine equals the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine equals the amount of cytosine.
• Griffith - transformation of virulent R type to virulent S type.
• Klinefelter's syndrome - having sex chromosomal composition of XXY.
• Down Syndrome - Trisomic for chromosome 21
• Cri-du-chat - deficiency in the short arm of chromosome.
• Turner's syndrome - 22IIA + XO
• DNA ligase - enzyme that permanently seals together DNA fragments that have complementary sticky ends.
• DNA polymerase - enzyme used to make multiple copies of genes in the polymerase chain reaction.
• restriction endonuclease - enzyme used to produce RLFPs
• Replication Initiation - requires two single stranded DNA templates
• Replication Initiation - helicase + single stranded binding protein + DNA gyrase + single stranded DNA template
• Replication Elongation - DNA polymerase III complementing the template strand in 5' to 3' direction.
• Replication Elongation - DNA polymerase + Okazaki fragment
• Replication Elongation - Excision of RNA primer by DNA polymerase I
• Replication Termination - products are two identical daughter DNA
• Transcription Initiation - Sigma factor + RNA polymerase binding to promoter
• Transcription Elongation - anticoding strand complemented by RNA polymerase in 5' to 3' direction
• Transcription Termination - products are mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• Transcription Termination - rho factor + RNA polymerase
• Translation Initiation - mRNA template strand
• Translation Initiation - IF 1-3, ribosome, mRNA with AUG as initiation codon
• Translation Elongation - entrance of another charged tRNA at A site of the ribosome
• Translation Termination - products are polypeptide chain
• Translation Termination - Release Factors + UGA at A site of the 70s ribosome