Biology

• DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and is the fundamental chemical for life
• DNA is double stranded and contains a double helix structure
• Histones are positively charged proteins that bind to negatively charged phosphate groups on the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA.
• There are four types of nucleotide base pairs found in DNA: Adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine.
• Nucleotides consist of three components - nitrogenous bases (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine), sugars (deoxyribose) and phosphates.
• A codon consists of three consecutive bases (triplet) which code for an amino acid or stop signal.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• The sequence of nucleotides determines the genetic code which codes for amino acids.
• Chromatin is made up of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.
• Transcription involves the production of mRNA using one strand of DNA as a template.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation.
• DNA replication occurs during interphase when cells divide to form new cells.
• Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division resulting in four daughter cells that have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• Translation involves the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides according to instructions provided by mRNA.
• The genetic code is universal meaning it's the same across all organisms.
• DNA is made up of two strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
• Transcription occurs in the nucleus where RNA polymerase reads the template strand of DNA and creates mRNA.
• Translation occurs on ribosomes, where tRNA brings specific amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain based on the codons read by the ribosome.
• During translation, the anticodon of tRNA binds with complementary codons on mRNA, bringing the correct amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain.
• In eukaryotic cells, RNA polymerase II transcribes genes into pre-mRNA molecules that undergo splicing to remove introns and join exons together.
• Meiosis is the process by which sex cells (gametes) are produced from diploid cells through two rounds of division.
• Mitosis is the process by which eukaryotic cells divide, resulting in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• Cell differentiation refers to the specialization of cells into specific types based on their location within an organism.
• Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
• Translation involves the assembly of amino acids into polypeptide chains according to the information on mRNA.
• During transcription, RNA polymerase reads the base sequence of DNA and produces complementary mRNA.
• The sequence of bases along a single strand of DNA determines the genetic information encoded by the gene.
• The histone complexes form nucleosomes, which are beads on a string made up of DNA wrapped around them.
• Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making specific proteins.
• In bacteria, transcription and translation are coupled, while in eukaryotic cells they are separate processes.
• Protein synthesis occurs in two stages - transcription and translation.
• Transcription is the process of copying genes from DNA onto messenger RNA (mRNA).
• In prokaryotes, there is no nuclear envelope or membrane-bound organelles.
• Chromatin is the material found inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
• Eukaryotic genes consist of coding regions (exons) separated by non-coding regions (introns).
• Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes.
• Eukaryotic cells have more complex structures than prokaryotic cells due to the presence of a nuclear envelope, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other specialized organelles.
• In prokaryotes, translation takes place at ribosomes attached directly to the bacterial membrane or cytoplasmic matrix.
• Transcription is the process whereby DNA makes an exact copy of itself called messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Translation is the process whereby ribosomes read the code from mRNA to make a protein.