1.1 Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy - scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure—for example, the shape and size of bones
• Developmental Anatomy - structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
• Embryology - a subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
• Cytology - examines the structural features of cells
• Histology - examines structure of tissues
• Gross Anatomy- study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systemic or a regional perspective
• Systematic Anatomy - studies body system by system
• Regional Anatomy - the body is studied area by area; within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously (done in med schools)
• Anatomical Imaging - are radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures
• Surface Anatomy - study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures
• Wilhelm Roentgen - first to use x-rays
• Anatomical Anomalies - physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern
• Physiology - scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things
• Cell Physiology - examines the processes occurring in cells
• Systematic Physiology - considers the functions of organ systems
• Neurophysiology - focuses on nervous system
• Cardiovascular Physiology - deals with the heart and blood vessels
• Pathology - the medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions, as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease
• Exercise Pathology - focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise
• X-ray - extremely shortwave electromagnetic radiation moves through the body, exposing a photographic plate to form a radiograph
• Ultrasound - uses high-frequency sound waves, which are emitted from a transmitter-receiver placed on the skin over the area to be scanned
• Computed Tomographic (CT) Scans - uses X-rays to create a 3D image of the body; low-intensity x-ray tube is rotated through a 360-degree arc around the patient, and the images are fed into a computer
• • Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) - 3-D radiographic image of an organ, such as the brain, is made and stored in a computer. Then a radiopaque dye is injected into the blood, and a second radiographic computer image is made. The first image is subtracted from the second one, greatly enhancing the differences revealed by the injected dye
• • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) - directs radio waves at a person lying inside a large electromagnetic field.
• Position Emission Tomographic (PET) scans - A technique that uses radioactive tracers to map brain activity; can identify the metabolic states  of various tissues, particularly useful in analyzing the brain.