PE 9

• Other serious injuries that require immediate care or first aid

  • Fractures
  • Concussions
  • Dislocations
• Fractures


  Breaks in bones that can occur due to impact, falls, or excessive force. Immediate care involves stabilizing the affected area, immobilizing the limb, and seeking medical attention. Types include open (compound) and closed (simple) fractures.
• Concussions


  Traumatic brain injuries that occur due to a blow to the head. Symptoms may include headache, dizziness, confusion, and loss of consciousness. Immediate care involves removing the person from activity, providing rest, and seeking medical evaluation.
• Dislocations


  Occur when the bones in a joint are forced out of their normal positions. Common dislocations occur in the shoulder, finger, and kneecap. Immediate care involves keeping the joint immobilized, applying ice, and seeking medical assistance for proper relocation and treatment.
• Importance of proper nutrition in physical activity


  • Supports physical performance, provides energy, and aids in recovery. Involves consuming a balanced diet consisting of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
• Macronutrients


  Include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which provide energy and structural components.
• Micronutrients


  Essential vitamins and minerals that support various physiological processes in the body.
• Healthy eating guidelines for athletes

  • Require adequate calories, hydration, and nutrient intake to support training and performance. Recommendations include consuming a variety of whole foods, timing meals around workouts, and staying adequately hydrated.
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR)


  Represents the number of calories required to sustain basic bodily functions at rest. It is influenced by factors such as age, gender, weight, and height.
• Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)


  Accounts for the total calories burned in a day, including physical activity. It is calculated by adding the calories burned through BMR and activity levels.
• Calculating calorie needs for different activity levels

  • Calorie needs vary based on individual activity levels. Sedentary individuals require fewer calories compared to moderately active or highly active individuals. Caloric intake should be adjusted accordingly.
• Basketball


  • Rules and regulations
  • Basic skills and techniques
  • Offensive and defensive strategies
• Qualities of an Officiating Official

  • Knowledge of the game
  • Impartiality and fairness
  • Communication and decision-making skills
• Football


  • Rules and positions
  • Fundamentals of passing, running, and tackling
  • Offensive and defensive formations
• BMI (Body Mass Index)


  A measure of body fat based on an individual's weight and height, calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters.
• Interpreting BMI results


  • BMI categories include underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese. However, BMI has limitations and should be interpreted alongside other factors such as body composition and overall health.
• Limitations and considerations of BMI

  • BMI does not take into account muscle mass, bone density, or variations in body composition. It should be used as a screening tool rather than a definitive measure of health.
• Physical Components


  • Cardiovascular endurance
  • Muscular strength and endurance
  • Flexibility and mobility
• Cardiovascular endurance


  The ability of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the muscles during sustained physical activity. It can be improved through activities such as running, swimming, or cycling.
• Muscular strength


  The maximum force a muscle can exert.
• Muscular endurance


  The ability to perform repetitive muscle contractions over time.
• Flexibility


  The range of motion around a joint.
• Mobility


  The ability to move a joint freely through its full range of motion.
• BMI


  Body Mass Index, a general indicator of body weight relative to height
• BMI categories


  • Underweight
  • Normal weight
  • Overweight
  • Obese
• BMI is a general indicator and does not account for variations in body composition or individual differences
• Limitations of using BMI as a sole measure of health and fitness

  • It does not consider factors such as muscle mass, bone density, and overall body composition
  • It should be used in conjunction with other measurements and assessments to evaluate an individual's health and fitness
• Social dances


  Dances performed during cultural, traditional, or religious festivals
• Significance of social dances

  • They hold deep cultural and social significance, representing a community's heritage, customs, and values
  • They often convey stories, celebrate historical events, or invoke spiritual or festive atmospheres
• Examples of cultural and traditional festivals associated with dance

  • Indian festival of Diwali with Garba and Dandiya dances
  • Carnival celebrations in Brazil featuring samba and other Afro-Brazilian dances
• Styles of festival dances

  • Folk dances
  • Ceremonial dances
  • Performance-based dances
• Role of dance in religious festivals and rituals


  It can serve as a form of worship, prayer, storytelling, or a means of spiritual expression
• Examples of dance forms specific to religious celebrations

  • Bharatanatyam in Hindu festivals
  • Liturgical dances in Christian ceremonies
  • Cham dances in Tibetan Buddhism
• Secular festival dances


  Dances that celebrate cultural identity, historical events, or seasonal changes
• Examples of secular festival dances

  • Holi festival dance in India
  • Maypole dance in European folk traditions
• Locomotor movements


  Movements that involve traveling through space, such as walking, running, jumping, hopping, galloping, skipping, and leaping
• Importance of developing locomotor skills

  • They help build coordination, agility, and body awareness
  • They serve as a foundation for more complex movements and physical activities
• Non-locomotor movements


  Stationary movements that involve body control and manipulation of body parts, such as bending, twisting, stretching, swaying, pushing, and pulling
• Benefits of non-locomotor movements

  • They enhance body awareness, flexibility, and core stability
  • They promote flexibility, body control, and spatial awareness
• Spatial awareness


  Understanding one's body in relation to the surrounding space, including personal space, general space, and body alignment