YEAR 8 - TERM 3

• Why did England industrialize faster?

  England industrialized faster due to rich natural resources, stable political climate, advanced banking & financial systems, strong colonial empire, and technological innovations.
• What triggered the Agricultural Revolution?

  The Agricultural Revolution began with the development of sedentary farming, crop rotation, irrigation, and the domestication of animals such as sheep, goats, and cattle, which allowed for more food production and population growth.
• How did factories develop in the Industrial Revolution?

  Factories emerged in the Industrial Revolution with the introduction of mechanized spinning jennies, power looms, and steam engines, which enabled mass production, increased efficiency, and reduced labor costs; factories were initially powered by water or steam and later by electricity.
• What was life like for workers in factories?

  Factory workers, often women and children, faced long hours (up to 16 hours/day), poor working conditions, inadequate sanitation, meager wages, and strict discipline; child labor and exploitation were common; conditions were dismal, with workers living in poverty-stricken slums.
• What was life like for children working in factories?

  Child laborers worked long hours (often 12-16 hours/day), faced cramped and unsanitary conditions, were vulnerable to accidents and injuries, and were often forced to abandon education; children as young as 5 worked in factories, particularly textile mills, and were exploited and mistreated.
• How did people protest against the upper class in the Industrial Revolution?

  Protesters, such as the Luddites, reacted to mechanization by destroying machinery, while others, like the Chartists, advocated for universal male suffrage and labor rights; protests included rioting, demonstrations, and strikes, all challenging the power of the ruling class and seeking better working conditions.
• How did Parliament improve the conditions in city slums during the Industrial Revolution?

  Parliament passed the Sanitary Act (1866) and the Public Health Act (1875), introducing sewers, water supply systems, and waste management; the Housing Acts of 1875 and 1890 improved living conditions, and the Children's Act (1889) prohibited child labor; these measures addressed overcrowding, poverty, and public health concerns.
• What was crime like in Victorian London?

  Crime was rampant in Victorian London, with 1 in 10 Londoners being criminals; pickpocketing, theft, and burglary were common; poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions drove many to crime, and the infamous Thames River was a popular spot for body snatchers and grave robbers; the police force lacked resources and was often corrupt.
• Urbanization in Britain during the Industrial Revolution


  The largest impact of the Industrial Revolution on British society, resulting in a massive relocation of people from rural areas to cities for work.
• British government and improving living conditions for the working class

  The British government improved living conditions for the working class due to fear of revolution, pressure from social reformers, economic growth, and factory acts.
• Industrial Revolution


  A period of major technological advancement, socioeconomic, and cultural change characterized by the transition from agrarian and handicraft-based economies to machine-powered manufacturing
• Factory


  A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled using machinery, typically operated by a large number of workers
• Urbanization


  The process of population concentration in cities due to the migration of people from rural areas to urban centers, often as a result of industrialization
• Mechanisation


  The process of replacing human or animal labor with machines to perform tasks, resulting in increased efficiency and productivity
• Textile Industry


  The sector of the economy concerned with the production of cloth and clothing, which underwent significant mechanization during the Industrial Revolution
• Steam Engine


  A machine that converts the energy stored in steam into mechanical work, widely used to power factories, locomotives, and ships during the Industrial Revolution
• Capitalism


  An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, market competition, and profit motive, which played a significant role in driving industrial growth during this period