thunderstorms

• in thunderstorms, clouds become electrically-charged -- producing lighting and thunder
• the positive charge is at the top of the cloud while the negative charge is at the bottom of the cloud
• clouds are in the form of liquid and never gas.
• all solids are more dense than their liquid counterparts except for water as ice is less dense and has higher volume.
• ice is less dense than water because of its lattice structure.
• density and volume are indirectly proportional.
• friction is what produces charges in clouds.
• how thunderstorms form:

  1. formation of ice in clouds
  2. ice rises up
  3. ice collides
  4. due to friction caused by collision, clouds produce charges
  5. negative charges form at the bottom and positive charges form at the upper part
  6. amount of negative charges at the bottom increases
  7. electrons will move down ---producing electricity
• thunder - sound of air expanding
• light travels faster than sound
• speed of light = 300,000 km/s
• speed of sound 1,200 km/hr
• 6 other things that have the same speed as light: radiowaves, microwaves, infrared radiation, uv rays, x-ray, gamma rays
• they have the same speed as light because they travel as one --- in an electromagnetic spectrum
• increasing frequency, increasing energy, decreasing wavelength: radiowaves, microwaves, infrared radiation, uv rays, x-ray, gamma rays
• Philippines is always associated with earthquakes because of its position near pacific ring of fire.
• tropical depression - up to 63 km/hr winds
• tropical storm - 63-117 km/hr winds
• typhoons - pacific ocean origin
• hurricane - atlantic ocean origin
• cyclone - indian ocean origin
• tornadoes - small but about 500 km/s