Combined content

• What is a redox reaction?

  • when oxidation and reduction happen at the same time
• what is cracking?

  • breaks larger hydrocarbons down into smaller hydrocarbons
  • need a catalyst and pressure
• what are some problems with nano-particles?

  • not enough research behind them to know the dangers behind them
  • can pass through cell membranes
• flame tests

  • lithium = red
  • sodium = yellow
  • potassium = lilac
  • calcium = orange
  • copper = green
• what is crude oil?

  • a mixture of hydrocarbons
• what is fractional distillation?

  • separates crude oil into simpler mixtures
• what is the order that crude oil separtes into?

  1. gases
  2. petrol
  3. kerosene
  4. diesel oil
  5. fuel oil
  6. bitumen

  (Giant,Penguins,Keep,Diving,For,Bass)
• what are alkanes?

  • a homologous series of htdrocarbons
• what is a homologous series?

  • family of organic compounds with the same general formula, members differ by CH2, have the same chemical properties.
• what functional group do alkanes have?

  C-C
• what is fermentation?

  • anaerobic respiration of yeast
  • produces ethanol
• what is complete combustion?

  enough oxygen to fully react with the hydrocarbon
• what i incomplete combustion

  not enough oxygen to fully react with the hydrocarbon
• what four things affect rate of reaction?

  • temperature
  • surface area
  • concentration
  • use of a catalyst
• how does temperature affect the rate of reaction

  a higher temperature = more particles have enough activation energy to react
• how does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

  higher= more particles in same volume = more collisions
• how does surface area affect the rate of reaction?

  more exposed area for reactions to collide
• how does a catalyst affect the rate of reaction

  it lowers the activation energy needed for particles to react, allowing more particles to react
• what is a displacement reaction?

  • more reactive halogens will displace less reactive ones
• what I ment by an endothermic reaction?

  • takes in energy
• what is meant by an exothermic reaction?

  gives out energy
• what are some properties of alkali metals?

  • low melting point
  • soft (can be cut with a knife)
  • potassium produces a lilac flame
  • atomic radius increases further down the group
  • more electron shielding in larger atoms
• what are some properties of halogens?

  • found in group 7
  • chlorine is a pale green gas at room temperature bromine is a red-brown liquid at room temperature
  • iodine is a dark grey solid at room temperature
  • atomic radius increases further down the group as negative electron is further away from the positive nucleus more electron heilig inn larger atoms as there are ore inner electrons to repel the incoming one
• what are some properties of noble gases?

  • don’t react as they have a ful outer shell - inert
  • low density
  • non-flammable
  • found in group 0
• what can impure hydrocarbons contain?

  • sulphur
  • which reacts with oxygen in the air to form soulful dioxide
  • suffer can dissolve in rain = acid rain
• what do catalytic converters do

  • react the harmful pollutant sand attempt to turn them into less harmful gases
• what are calibration curves used to determine?

  • concentration of ions
• what do condensation polymers do?

  • creates a new covalent bod between monomers
  • produces a molecule of water
• how is n ester link formed

  • carboxylate acids react with the alcohol group and form an ester link