Early childhood

• Early Childhood Development


  1. 6 years old

  
• Physical Development


  • Development of motor skills: gross and fine motor skills
  • Brain development: myelination, growth of different brain regions
• Handedness


  Preference for using one hand over the other, is usually evident by about age 3
• Handedness is usually evident by about age 3
• Enuresis


  • Repeated, involuntary urination at night by children old enough to be expected to have bladder control, is not unusual
  • Treatment is available
• Mortality among Children
• Piaget's theory


  Preoperational stages
• Advancements in Cognitive Development

  • Use of Symbols
  • Understanding Identities
  • Cause and Effect
  • Classification
  • Number
  • Empathy
  • Theory of the Mind
• Immaturities of Preoperational Stage

  • Centration
  • Egocentricism
  • Conservation
  • Transductive reasoning
  • Animism
• Aspects of Memory


  • Basic Processes And Capacities
  • Recognition And Recall
  • Forming And Retaining Memory
  • Influences On Memory Retention

  
• Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (SB-5)


  Intelligence test
• Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)


  Intelligence test
• Influences on IQ


  • Flynn Effect - IQ continues to rise at a rate of 2.3 points per decade
  • Family contribution – genetics and environment
  • Socioeconomic Status - health, stress, parenting practices, and the atmosphere in the home
  • outgoing temperament, warm mothering, and stimulating activities in the home
  • Higher SES – genetics; Lower SES – environment
• Zone of proximal development (ZPD)


  Imaginary psychological space between what children can do or know by themselves and what they could do or know with help
• Scaffolding


  Supportive assistance that a more sophisticated interaction partner provides, and ideally it should be aimed at the ZPD
• Aspects of Language Development

  • pragmatics and social speech
  • private speech
  • delayed speech – 11% of 3 to 6 yrs old; heredity & sex
• Aspects of Emotional Development

  • SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-CONCEPT
  • EXPRESSION AND REGULATION OF EMOTIONS: TANTRUMS, FRUSTRATION, COPING MECHANISMS
  • DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL EMOTIONS: EMPATHY, GUILT, SHAME, PRIDE
• Initiative Versus Guilt


  • Preschool children can do—and want to do—more and more. At the same time, they are learning that some of the things they want to do meet social approval, whereas others do not
  • Children who learn how to regulate these opposing drives develop the virtue of purpose, the courage to envision and pursue goals without being unduly inhibited by guilt or fear of punishment
• Types of play


  • functional
  • constructive
  • dramatic
  • formal games with rules
• Importance of play for cognitive and social development
• Attachment theory


  Secure vs. insecure attachment styles
• Development of friendships and peer relationships
• Baumrind's Model of Parenting Styles

  • Authoritarian parenting
  • Permissive parenting
  • Authoritative parenting
  • Neglectful
• Prosocial Behavior