non metal ions

• non-metal ions / negatively charged ions

  -carbonate

  -halides(chlorine, bromine and iodine)

  -sulfate
• testing for carbonate:

  1. add hcl dilute acid to sample
  2. acid will react with the carbonate to make carbon dioxide gas. we will see fizzing but doesn't mean we have carbon dioxide gas
  3. bubble the gas through limewater if it goes cloudy, then it proves we have carbon dioxide and we have started with carbonate
• testing for halide ions:

  1. add dilute nitric acid to the sample
  2. add dilute silver nitrate solution
  3. halide ions produce a precipitate of the silver halide. each halide makes a different coloured precipitate
• testing for chloride ions - white precipitate of silver chloride
• testing for bromide ions - cream precipitate of silver bromide
• testing for iodide ions -yellow precipitate of silver iodide
• testing for sulfate ions:

  1. add dilute hydrochloric acid to sample
  2. add barium chloride solution
  3. if sulfate ions present, we will see a white precipitate
• sulfate ions:

  test: add barium chloride

  result: white precipitate