Nucleotides

• DNA


  Carries genetic information
• RNA


  Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• Nucleotides


  Polymers that DNA and RNA are made of, consisting of a pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing organic base, and a phosphate group

  
• Components of a DNA nucleotide

  • Deoxyribose
  • Phosphate group
  • Adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine

  
• Components of an RNA nucleotide


  • Ribose
  • Phosphate group
  • Adenine, cytosine, guanine or uracil

  
• Phosphodiester bonds


  Bonds that join nucleotides together
• DNA molecule


  Double helix composed of two polynucleotides joined by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
• RNA


  Relatively short polynucleotide chain
• Amino acids


  Monomers that proteins are made of, containing an amino group, carboxylic acid group, and a variable R group
• Peptide bonds


  Bonds that join amino acids together
• Dipeptide


  Contains two amino acids
• Polypeptide


  Contains three or more amino acids
• Primary structure of a protein

  • Order and number of amino acids
• Secondary structure of a protein

  • Shape of the amino acid chain, either alpha helix or beta pleated sheet, determined by hydrogen bonding, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges

  
• Tertiary structure of a protein


  • 3D shape, can be globular or fibrous
• Fibrous protein


  • Collagen
• Collagen


  • Fibrous protein of great strength due to hydrogen and covalent bonds, forms structure of bones, cartilage, connective tissue, and tendons
• Globular protein


  • Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin


  • Water-soluble globular protein that carries oxygen in the blood, consists of two beta polypeptide chains and a heme group
• Transcription


  DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus
• Translation


  Amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain on ribosomes using mRNA and tRNA
• DNA replication


  Semi-conservative replication of DNA to ensure genetic continuity between generations of cells
• ATP


  Nucleotide derivative consisting of ribose, adenine, and three phosphate groups

  
• ATP hydrolysis


  Energy is released when ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and a phosphate molecule, catalysed by ATP hydrolase
• ATP synthesis


  ADP and inorganic phosphate are condensed to produce ATP, catalysed by ATP synthase during photosynthesis and respiration