Crime essays!

• View crime is a social construction-40m


  Agree: box, cicourel, plummer, becker or smart or hall

  Disagree: Cohen – working class commit more, right realist- Murray – poor socialisation and typical offender, left realist – lea & young- marginalisation (economic), merton or hirschi
• official statistics are useful to measure crime

  Agree: typical offender: positivist say they are reliable, can identify patterns and trends, clinard say it’s a warning device, because stats areas that need addressing, murray accurate because poor socialisation, lea & young say, crime reflected in how people are treated

  Disagree: interpretivist lacks, validity, and verstehen, smart says, socially constructed for patriarchy, cicourel labelling or becker, marxists such as box say, definition constructed by rich
• victim servey accurate to measure crime- 20m


  Agree: interpretivist say it has increased validity such as the Islington crime survey found night is scary for women’s has more crime, positivists say it’s increased reliability because the CSEW interviewed in their own homes and is structured interview and found cybercrime, positivist is reliable because the CSEW includes under 16 separate
• victim survey, accurate to measure crime – 20m


  Disagree: positivisit say it lacks validity because they may lie, positivit’s say decreased representativeness because some info not included, marxist say it is decreased accuracy, and does it include victimless crime such as corporate crime
• relation between ethnicity and crime – 40m


  Agree: pitts-EMG, immobilised, decker & van winkle pull and push factors for black youth gang, sewell- triple quandary theory for African Caribbean boy, Murray – poor socialisation or ,park – don’t assimilate
• relation between ethnicity and crime – 40m


  Disagree: hall – divides, working class and upper class and EMG are easy target to portray as mugger, abbas – Islamophobia EMG label terrorist. But doesn’t mean they criminal there just are excluded, Waddington – Canteen culture EMG targeted by police but doesn’t make them no more criminal just racist, CJS, Cohen – class, Miller – class, harding– gender
• left realist solution versus right realist to crime

  Left: community crime prevention – perry preschool project, structural changes – increase minimum wage to national living, practical changes– Neighbourhood watch scheme or PCSO, restorative justice – decrease reoffending victim meets offender to explain impact of crime
• left realist solution versus right to crime

  Right: environmental crime, prevention& felson– zero tolerance policy and wilson, target, hardening – CCTV and clarke, Punitive punishment – harsher sentencing, and retributive justice & clarke or increase police /surveillance such as cctv- newman
• left realist solution versus other theories

  Left: community – Perry preschool, structural, practical, restorative justice

  Other: Murray – already DV norms and values between zero and five is socialisation, chambliss- people with good education, still commit crimes, such as the saints, gordon- capitalism is criminogenic and creates crime at both ends, waddington- canteen culture, and EMG still marginalised
• right realist solutions V other theories

  right: zero tolerance policy, target, hardening, increase surveillance, punitive punishment

  Other: cicourel- arrested based on police typification, Waddington – police racist, Gordon –criminogenic, Murray – socialised into deviant n & v,
• Neo Marxist/radical criminology explanation, V other

  Neo Marxist: Hall, CCCS, Willis, gilroy

  Other: becker, Cohen, Miller, Murray, Adler