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Chemistry paper 1
Atomic structure
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Haldron Tellis
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Protons have a
positive
charge, while electrons have a
negative
charge.
Atoms are made up of
protons
,
neutrons
, and electrons.
What does the mass number and atomic number tell us
Mass no - the number of
protons
and
neutrons
atomic no - the number of
protons
What is an
isotope
Same
element
but with different no of
neutrons
What is an
element
Substance made of
one
type of
atom
What is a
compound
Substance made up of
two
or more elements that are
chemically
bonded
What is a mixture
Substance made up of
two
or more
elements
that can be physically separated
What is the relative atomic mass equation
Ar = (
mass
of isotope a * abundance) + (
mass
of isotope b * abundance) /100
What did Democritus say about the atom
Everything is made up of particles
separated
by
empty space
What did dalton say about the atom
They are small
indestructible spheres
with
different
spheres making up different elements
what did JJ Thompson say about the atom
Made the
plum pudding
model. atom was a ball of positive charge with
electrons
stuck on it
What is Ernst Rutherford gold scattering experiment
He shot
alpha
particles at a sheet of
gold
and three things happened:
went
straight through
: proving
empty space
Went askew: shows nucleas is
positive
as it deflected the
positive
particles
came back
: shows that
mass
is concentrated at the centre
what did niels Bohr say about the atom
Suggested
electrons
orbit the
nucleus
in shells
What did James Chadwick say about the atom
There were
neutral
particles in the
nucleus
PPM
mass is evenly distributed whereas
nuclear
mass is concentrated in the centre
PPM
positive
charge is throughout the atom whereas
nuclear positive
charge is only a small portion of the atom
PPM
electrons are embedded In the mass of the
positive charge
whereas nuclear electrons orbit the nucleus
PPM
is a solid mass whereas the
nuclear
model is mostly empty space
what do ionic equations show us
Which atoms are being
reduced
or
oxidised
What do
half
equations show us
What happens to one
element
what is the current periodic table arranged in
arranged in
increasing atomic number
what does the periods tell us
how many
electron shells
what does the groups tell us
the no of electrons in the
outer
shell
what was dobreiners triads
elements with
similar
properties arranged in
threes
what is newlands octaves
every
8th
element had similar properties when arranged in increasing
atomic weight
why was mendeleevs table more successful
switched
order of elements so they fit patterns of other
groups
left
gaps for undiscovered elements, predicted their
properties
correctly
properties of group 0
inert as they have a
full outer shell
as you go down group, the boiling point
increases
all gases as boiling point
lower
than
room temp
properties of metals
form
positive
ions
malleable
high
Melting point
good
conductor
properties of non metals
form
negative
ions
Low
melting point
brittle
lower
densities
Properties of group 1 metals
dulls on
oxidation
more
reactive
as you go
down
the group
effervesces
gas
when reacted with
water
why do group 1 metals get more reactive as you go down the group
as you go down Group 1, there are
more
shells
this means there is
more distance
between the
positive
nucleus and
negative electrons
Plus, the
shielding
from electrons deflects the
outermost
electron
this means there is
less
force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron
Therefore, it is easier to
lose
the outermost electron
properties of halogens
they form
covalent bonds
with each other (
diatomic
).
Melting point
decreases
as you go down the group.
Why do halogens get less reactive as you move down the group
As you go down group
seven
there are more shells.
This means there's more distance
positive
nucleus and the
negative
electron.
This means there's
less
force of attraction between the nucleus and the electron.
Therefore, it is
harder
to gain an electron.
What is halogen displacement?
More
reactive
halogens
displace
less
reactive
halogens in a reaction.
Properties of Transition metals
Hard
and
strong
metals.
High
M.P
High
density
They form ions with different
charges
they form different colored compounds
they are used as
catalysts
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